TKTGlossary中译版.docx

1、TKTGlossary中译版MODULE 1Concepts and terminology for describing language描述语言的术语及概念GRAMMAR 语法Active voice 主动语态passive voice. 被动语态Adjective 形容词comparative adjective 形容词比较级demonstrative adjective 指代形容词possessive adjective 所有格形容词 （代词所有格）A superlative adjective 形容词最高级Adverb 副词Auxiliary verb: 助动词Article 冠词A

2、n article can be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g. I was at (-) home in the sitting room when I heard a noise.Aspect A way of looking at verb forms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple are aspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that somethi

3、ng is happening temporarily.Base form of the verb: 动词基本形式Clause 从句A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a sentence.Main clause 主句When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking.Subordinate clause 从句When the teacher arrived, the stu

4、dents stopped talking.Relative clause 定语从句The students who were sitting near the front stood up._ UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 2Collective noun: 集合名词Compound noun: 复合名词Conditional 条件句First conditional, 第一条件句Second conditional, 第二条件句Third conditional . 第三条件句Conjunction 连词A conjunction (or connector) is

5、used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. I like tea but I dont like coffee because its too strong for me.Connector: 连词Countable noun: 可数名词Demonstrative adjective: 指示形容词.Demonstrative pronoun: 指示代词.Dependent preposition: 非独立介词Determiner 限定词A determiner is used to make clear which no

6、un is referred to, or to give information about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car is mine.Direct speech 直接引语The actual words someone says, e.g. He said, My name is Ron.First conditional: see conditional forms.Gerund, -ing form 动名词形式A noun which is made

7、from the present participle form of a verb, e.g. I hate shopping.Grammatical structure 语法结构The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammatical language item, e.g. present perfect simple.Imperative 祈使句The form of a verb that gives an order or instruction,

8、 e.g. Turn to page 10.Indirect question The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g. Peter asked Sue what she meant.An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g. I was wondering if you could help me (indire

9、ct question) instead of Could you help me? (direct question).See direct question.Indirect speech: see reported statement. 间接引语Infinitive: see verb. 不定式Infinitive of purpose 表示目的的不定式This is used to express why something is done, e.g. I went to the lesson to learn English.-ing/-ed adjective: see adjec

10、tive. 形容词加ing或ed形式Intensifier 加强语气的词汇A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. Hes much taller than his brother; Im very tired.Interrogative 疑问句A question form.Irregular verb: see verb. 不规则动词Main clause: see clause.主句Modal verb: see verb. 情态动词Noun 名词A person, place or thing, e.g

11、. elephant, girl, grass, school.A collective noun is a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g. the police, the government. 集合名词A compound noun is a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g. a flower 复合名词shop, a headache.A countable noun has a singular and p

12、lural form, e.g. book􀃆 books. 可数名词An uncountable noun does not have a plural form, e.g. information. 不可数名词A proper noun is the name of a person or place, e.g. Robert, London.专有名词A singular noun is one person, place or thing.单数名词A plural noun is more than one person, place or thing and can b

13、e regular or irregular, e.g. boys, women. 复数名词Object 宾语This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb, e.g. I saw Mary in the classroom. See subject. Participle (past and present) 现在分词及过去分词The form of the verb that is used to make tenses or adjec

14、tives, e.g. an interesting film (present participle); I havent seen him today. (past participle)Passive voice 被动语态In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb, e.g. The tree was hit by the car.See active voice.Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive: see

15、tense. 过去完成时及进行时Past simple and past continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般过去时及进行式Personal pronoun: see pronoun. 人称代词Phrase 短语Possessive s and whose 所有格sWays of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. Whose book is it? Its Sues.Preposition 介词A word used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun

16、 to connect it to another word, e.g. He was in the garden.A dependent preposition is a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or adjective, e.g.interested in, depend on, bored with.Present continuous, progressive for future: see tense. 现在进行时Present perfect simple and continuous, progr

17、essive: see tense. 现在完成时及进行时Present simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般现在时及进行时Pronoun 代词A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.Demonstrative pronoun, e.g. this, that. 指示代词Object pronoun, e.g. him. 代词宾格Personal pronoun, e.g. I (subject pronoun), me (objec

18、t pronoun) 人称代词Possessive pronoun, e.g. mine 名词性代词Reflexive pronoun, e.g. myself 反身代词Relative pronoun, e.g. which 关系代词Proper noun: see noun.Punctuation 标点符号The symbols or marks used to organise writing into clauses, phrases and sentences to make the meaning clear, e.g. full stop, capital letter, apo

19、strophe and comma.Quantifier 量词A word or phrase such as much, few or a lot of which is used with a noun to show an amount, e.g. I dont have much time; I have a lot of books.Question tag 问号A phrase such as isnt it? or doesnt he? that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question, or to chec

20、k that someone agrees with the statement, e.g. Its very cold, isnt it?Reflexive pronoun: see pronoun.Regular verb: see verb. 规则动词Relative clause: see clause. 定语从句Relative pronoun: see pronoun. 关系代词Reported statement 间接引语When someones words are reported by another person, e.g. She said she was sorry.

21、 See indirect question.Reporting verb 间接引语中使用的动词A verb such as tell, advise, suggest used in indirect speech to report what someone has said, e.g. Jane advised John to study harder.Second conditional: see conditional forms.Singular noun: see noun. Subject 主语This is the noun or phrase that goes befor

22、e the verb in a sentence to show who is doing the action, e.g. John plays tennis every Saturday. See object._ UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 5Subject-verb agreement 主谓一致When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g. I walk, he walks. If a student writes Iwalks, then it is

23、 wrong because there is no subject-verb agreement.Subordinate clause: see clause. 从句Superlative adjective: see adjective. 形容此最高级Tense 时态A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or future, e.g.Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive 过去完成时及进行时After I had pho

24、ned Mary, I went out. (past perfect simple)I had been studying for three hours, so I felt quite tired. (past perfect continuous, progressive)Past simple and past continuous, progressive 一般过去时及进行时I was talking (past continuous, progressive) to my friend when the taxi came. (past simple)Present contin

25、uous, progressive for future 进行时表将来What are you doing at the weekend?Present perfect simple and continuous, progressive 现在完成时及进行时I have known him for a long time (present perfect simple).I have been studying for three years (present perfect continuous, progressive).Present simple and continuous, pro

26、gressive 一般现在时及进行时I work at a school (present simple) and I am working in London now (present continuous, progressive).Third conditional: see conditional forms. Third person 第三人称A verb or a pronoun which shows that somebody or something is being spoken about, e.g. He, she, it, they.Time expression 时

27、间表达式A word or phrase that indicates a time period, such as after, by, e.g. I will meet you after the lesson.Uncountable noun: see noun.Used to 过去常常做某事A structure that shows something happened in the past but does not happen now, e.g. I used to live in London, but now I live in Paris.Verb 动词The word

28、which follows the subject of a sentence, and is sometimes described as the action word, e.g. I like cheese;He speaks Italian.An auxiliary verb is a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives and tenses, e.g. be, do, have. 助动词The base form of the verb is the infinitive form of a verb wit

29、hout to, e.g. go. 动词的基本形式The infinitive form is the base form of a verb with to. It is used after another verb, after an adjective or noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. I want to study, Its difficult to understand. 动词不定式An irregular verb does not follow the same rule as regular ver

30、bs. Each irregular verb has its own way of forming the past simple and past participle, e.g. go 􀃆 went (past simple) 􀃆 gone (past participle). 不规则动词A modal verb is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility. They include can, must, will,

31、 should, e.g. I can speak French, but I should study even harder. 情态动词A regular verb changes its forms by adding -ed in the past simple and past participle, e.g. walk 􀃆 walked 规则动词(past simple).Verb pattern 动词搭配The form of the words following the verb, e.g. he advised me to get there early. (advise + object pronoun + to + baseform)_