英语中动词的用法总结1.docx

1、英语中动词的用法总结1动词的用法一、动词概述 动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。根据其词义和其在谓语中的作用可分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词。根据其在句子中的功用可分为及物动词，不及物动词和连系动词。 1）实义动词：意义完全，能独立用作谓语。如：enable，watch，run，open等。 2）连系动词：是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语（通常为名词或形容词）。如：seem，look，smell，taste，sound，get，become，turn，be等。 3）助动词：本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如

2、：do，does，did等。 4）情态动词：词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语，只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如：can，may，must，need，ought to等。二、动词的时态1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时 一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask 进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking 完成have/has askedhad askedshall/wi

3、ll have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking 1）一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：am/is/are+no

4、t;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 2）一般过去时： 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once u

5、pon a time, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 3）现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构：am/is/are+doing 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 4）过去进行时： 概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 时间状

6、语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 基本结构：was/were+doing 否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 5）现在完成时： 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 基本结构：have/has + done 否定形式：have/has + not +d one

7、. 一般疑问句：have或has。 6）过去完成时： 概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 基本结构：had + done. 否定形式：had + not + done. 一般疑问句：had放于句首。 7）一般将来时： 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,

8、the day after tomorrow, etc. 基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 8）过去将来时：概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 否定形

9、式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过

10、去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别： 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have rea

11、d that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。三、动词被动语态 英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系，英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。 如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。如： They speak English.他们讲英语。 主语“他们”是“讲”这一行为的执行者，是主动句，动词用主动语态来表示； English is spoken by them.英语由他们讲。 主语“英语”是“讲”

12、的承受者，是被动句，动词用被动语态的形式。 He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态） The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态） (1)、 被动语态的构成 助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词构成动词的被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。 (2)、 主动语态变被动语态 1).主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： .将主动句的宾语变为主语： 注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如： Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom. 主动结构的主语变为介词by

13、的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。 .将动词改为be+过去分词。They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。 .将主动语态的主语改为be放在谓语动词后。注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。 He sang a song. A song was sung by him. .主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾

14、语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack. （3）、各种时态的被动语态 1）一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词 We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语。 2）一般过去时：was/were+过去分词 A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物。 3）一般将来时：will be+过去

15、分词 The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理。 4）现在进行时：am/is/are +being + 过去分词 The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁。 5）过去进行时：was/were +being + 过去分词 The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告。 6）现在完成时：have/has been+过去分词 The flowers have been watered.这些花已经被浇了。 7）过去完成时：had been+过去分词 Sh

16、e said this lift had never been used. 8）过去将来时：would be+过去分词 The film would be shown again sometime next week.这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映。 9）含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，be+过去分词部分不变。如： Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。 Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）

17、Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句） （4）、 被动语态的特殊用法 1）不及物动词不用于被动语态。Appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。 2）表状态动词不用于被动语态。常见的有：hold, have, cost, contain, become, ail, look like 3）某些动词的进行时可表被动。The meat is cooking.肉在煮着。The cakes are baking

18、,蛋糕在烘。The book is printing.这本书正在印刷。 （5）、主动形式表被动意义。 1）某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义。如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等 Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy.她的卧室看起来非常干净和整洁。 2）动名词的主动形式表示被动语态。如：want, deserve, need, require, take, worth等The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。 The children need looking

19、after.孩子们需要照看。 3)某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。 The conversation is hard to understand.对这话很难理解。 The fish is not easy to fish.鱼不容易钓。 The passage is difficult to read.这段文章很难读懂。动词的被动语态：常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1 一般现在时am/is/are asked6 过去进行时was/were being asked2 一般过去时was/were asked7 现在完成时have/has been asked3 一般将来时sha

20、ll/will be asked8 过去完成时had been asked4 过去将来时should/would be asked9 将来完成时will/would have been asked5 现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be plante

21、d in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is generally considered thatIt is said that It is well known thatIt must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must

22、 be admitted that It is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act.The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, beco

23、me, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等四、非谓语动词（一）后面可跟动词的ing形式的情况 1.动词：finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事；practice doing sth. 练习做某事；imagi

24、ne doing,想象做某事；avoid doing sth.避免做某事；consider doing sth.考虑做某事；suggest doing sth.建议做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事； keep doing sth.持续做某事 2.固定短语：feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做某事；be worth doing 值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间（金钱）做某事； have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困难；have fun doi

25、ng.做某事高兴 3.介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)如：be good at doing sth.；thank you for doing sth.；give up doing sth.；stop sb. from doing sth.；do well in doing sth.；be afraid of doing sth.；be interested in doing sth.；be proud of；instead of；be fond of 4.to作介词的情况look forward to d

26、oing sth期望做某事； prefer doing sth. to doing sth与相比较更喜欢； pay attention to doing注意做某事； be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事；make a contribution to为做贡献（二）后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况 1.动词：agree to do同意去做；afford to do买得起；decide to do决定去做某事；hope to do希望去做；wish to do希望去做；fail to do做某事失败去；plan to do打算去做；pretend to do假装去做； ref

27、use to do拒绝去做；would like to do想要去做；want to do想要去做某事；learn to do 学做；prefer to do sth. 喜欢（爱）做某事；sb. seem to do sth好像做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做；used to do sth. 过去常做某事 2.句型. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事 get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会 be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 asked sb. (not) to do s

28、th. 叫某人做（不做）某事 be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去（不要）做某事 get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事 warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人（不要）做某事 be/get ready to do sth.准备做某事 cant wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事 be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 try/do ones best to do sth. 尽力做某事 be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉 b

29、e surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇 be excited to do sth. 对做感到兴奋 be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事 Its + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事（对某人来说）怎么样 Its +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事 It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事 Its best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的 Its tim

30、e for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了 too(for sb.) to 太以致不能 =not enough to do prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿而不愿 something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西（词不定式放在something等后修饰这些 Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易 take turns to do sth. 轮流做 There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对（某人来说）没时间做某事了 There

31、is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事（三）、后既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的情况： 1、后加不定式或动名词意思相近的动词 有些动词接doing和to do意义相近像like(喜欢)，love(喜欢)，hate(憎恨)，prefer(宁可)，begin(开始)，start(开始)，continue(继续)。如：等词后加不定式或动名词区别不大：如：like to do表示想要做某一具体的动作 like dong表示一般或抽象的多次动作 它们在实际使用中区别很小。 2、后加不定式或动名词区别较大的动词： remember to do(记住去做) remember doing(记得做过) forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过) try to do(设法做) try doing(试着做) go on to do(接着做另一事)