中考之英语句子成分和结构划分精讲与练习供自学细读质疑识记.docx

1、中考之英语句子成分和结构划分精讲与练习供自学细读质疑识记英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解与练习细读 质疑 识记句子成分(Members of a Sentence)。什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾 语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement

2、）。一、主语（subject）:是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。The sun rises in the east. （名词） A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）We often speak English in class.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) One of them is English. （数词）Seeing is believing. （动名词）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词

3、）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）To see is to believe. （不定式）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）二、谓语

4、（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He likes playing the games.1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. I saw a girl. I love you.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. You should work hard.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.三、表语（predicative）:表示主语的性质

5、、状态 和特征，一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。Is it yours?（代词）He is a teacher. （名词）Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）My work is teaching English. （动名词）Five and five is ten. （数词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）He is asleep. （形容词）These desks are yellow. （形容词）We are happy n

6、ow. （形容词）It sounds good. （形容词）It smells nice. （形容词）His father is in. （副词）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）His job is to

7、teach English.（不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be feel (摸起来, sound（听起来）, look（看 起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, smell（闻起来） keep, stay ,remain （保持， 仍是） get, become, turn feel 感觉） . （ It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smell

8、s delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.四、宾语：表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：I saw a cat in the tree.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday

9、.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）We think you are right. （宾语从句）My father bought me a book.1）动作的承受者-动宾 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）

10、 I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.(双宾语) 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.(动词+人+物)例如：Lend me your

11、dictionary, please. Give me a book.（give sb. sth.）可以跟双宾语的动词常见的有: give, ask, tell, bring, send, buy, write, show, lend, cost, hand, pass, pay, read, return, sell, take, teach,等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前,若将间接宾语置于直接宾语之后,则要用介词 to 或 for。give sb. sth. =give sth. to sb. buy sb. sth.=give sth. for sb.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如

12、：They elected him their monitor.五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补）。We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at ho

13、me. 介词短语）Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。宾语补足语使用形容词,不用副词.例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let th

14、e fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）六、主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advise

15、d to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 七、定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一句话语法:定语使用形容词。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词)he woman with a baby in her arms is my sis

16、ter. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）That is a beautiful flower. （形容词）This is my book, not your book. （代词）I have a lot of things to do. （形容词）China

17、is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）八、状语：修饰动词、形容词、

18、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语,一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词)， 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。He is playing under the tree.（地点）Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.(时间)The house is dirty for the reason that he didnt clean it.(原因)He buys a gift to make her happy.（目地）If I am no

19、t busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. （条件）怎样划分英语句子中的成分？怎样划分英语句子中的成分？主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语分别有什么用法，应该怎样划分？首先，要熟悉五种句子的基本结构分别为：主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾语（ 间宾 直宾）、主谓复合宾语（宾+ 宾补），(S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：S 十 V 主谓结构|（v

20、i.） I 主 swim. 谓 They listened carefully My homework has finished.二： （主系表）（系动词）Is, look +形容词He 主 is 系动 old. 表语sounds 系动词 interesting. 表语The story 主 The desk feels hard He becomes a teacherThe trees turn yellow in the autumn.三： （主谓宾）I 主 saw 谓 a film 宾 yesterday. They found their home easily They took

21、good care of the children 四： （主谓间宾直宾）give，ask， sb. sth.He 主 gave 谓 me 宾1 a book. 宾2He brought me a pen.He offered me his seat.He got me a chair五： （主谓宾宾补）主谓宾补结构 They made the girl angry.主 谓 宾 宾补 They found her happy that dayI saw him in. I heard the glass broken just now.基本句型一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如 b

22、oy），主格代词（如 you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主 谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词）1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, an

23、d drink.大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。7. They talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型二： （主系表）此句型的句子有共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem 等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become

24、, turn 等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达转变为之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 例：Tom is a boy.(Tom 是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系动词为 be 动词的第三人称单数 is，表语为 a boy。 （是系动词） 1. This is an English

25、-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry.我们的井干枯了。8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。There be

26、 结构：There be 表示存在有。这里的 there没有实际意义，不可与副词there 那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物。试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有男孩。）/前一个there 无实意，后一个there 为副词那里。基本句型三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语， 即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them 等 例：The boy needs a pe

27、n.主语 the boy，谓语 needs(need 的第三人称单数形式)，宾语 a pen. （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。8. He

28、admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give 给，pass 递，bring 带，show 显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please. 强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring

29、 it to me, please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物）1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him

30、 that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job

31、 easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物） （宾语） （宾补）1. They appointed him manager.他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green.他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4