初中英语第7章动词2.docx

1、初中英语 第7章动词2第7章 动词（二）动词的时态时态是说明动词表示的动作与这一动作所发生的时间的关系的一种形式。英语常用的时态有三大类：一般时，进行时，完成时。一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时。进行时包括现在进行时和过去进行时。完成时包括现在完成时和过去完成时。1、一般现在时的用法c（1）表示自然规律和客观真理There is no life on the moon, .月球上没有生命。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。（2）表示经常反复发生的动作常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day 或on

2、ce a week 等时间状语连用。He usually goes to work at 7:30 in the moring.他通常早晨7：30去上班。We always have supper at 6:00 p.m.我们总是在六点钟吃晚饭。(3) 表示天气、时间、旅程、籍贯等情况Wha t s the weather like today?今天的天气怎么样Its showery有阵雨Where are you from你是哪里人。Im from Xian.我是西安人。动词一般现在时动词一般现在时，表示经常发生（的）事。三单人称作主语，动词后加-s或-es。主语之后是谓语，肯定陈述的语序。

3、一般疑问do当先，否定谓语dont添。注意：行为动词一般现在时的否定句和疑问问与be动词的句型变化大不一样。前者要用do not (does not)否定动词构成否定句；而后者只须在be动词的各种人称形式（am, is, are）之后加not构成否定句。（肯）I agree with you .(肯)I am at school.我同意你。我在上学（否）I dont agree with you.(否)I am not at school.我不同意你。我没有在上学。（疑Do you agree with me ?(疑) Are you at school?你同意我吗？你是在上学吗？Yes I

4、do .(No, I dont) Yes, Iam.(No, Im not.)是的，我同意。（不，我不同意。）是的。（不。）(4)在时间状语从句及条件状语从句中表示将来的动作和状况，从句中的谓语动词用一般现 在时If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.如果明天天气好，我们将去公园。Please give him this note as soon as he comes back.他一回来，就请把这张便条交给他。2、一般过去时的用法（1）表示过去经常发生的事情或习惯动作We often went to play baseball when

5、we were at school.我们上中学时，经常去打垒球。He used to take only one hamburger for lunch during the experiment.在做试验期间，他午餐总是只吃一个汉堡包。（2）表示过去某一时间发生的动作或状态常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last year(month, week), in 2000, three hours ago等。孩子们昨天玩得很高兴。她于昨晚写完了一篇5，000字的文章。（3）一般过去时用于时间或条件状语从句The man jumped off the train as soon

6、 as it stopped.火车刚刚停住，那人便从车上跳了下来。If I were you, I would go with him如果我是你的话，我会跟他走的。（4）一般过去时用于表示刚发生过的事，而不用于表明时间Who left the key here?谁把钥匙落在这了？Who broke the teapot?谁把茶壶打碎了?比较行为动词与be动词一般过去时的否定句和疑问句型的区别行为动词一般过去时的否定句和疑问句与be动词的一般过去时句型变化大不一样。前者要用did not 构成否定句；而后者只须在be 的过去时式was, were之后加not 构成否定句。(肯)They had

7、a good time yesterday.他们昨天玩得很高兴。(否)They did not have a good time yesterday.他们没有玩得高兴。(疑)Did they have a good time yesterday?他们昨天玩得高兴吗？Yes, they did.No, they didnt.是的，他们玩得高兴。不，不高兴。(肯)They were happy yesterday.他们昨天很快乐。(否)They were not happy yesterday.他们昨天不高兴。(疑)were they happy yesterday?Yes, they were.

8、是的，他们很快乐No, they werent.不，不快乐3、一般将来时的用法（1）“be going to +动词原形”表示将要发生或打算、计划和决定要做的事情主语的人称决定be的形式-am, is, are。It is going to be windy tomorrow.明天要刮大风了。Tom and Susan are going to get married next month.汤姆和苏珊打算下个月结婚。动词一般将来时动词一般将来时，表示将要发生事。谓语动词要记清，助词will+原形。时间状语表将来，一般情况离不开。要变一般疑问句，Will主语前面移。否定句式也简单，will后边n

9、ot添。(2)“will(shall)+动词原形”表示将来时The doctor will come every other day.这位医生将隔天来一次。I wont have tome to do such a thing.我不会有时间去做那样的事情。（wont=will not）It will rain her this evening.傍晚这里将会有雨。比较 be going to 与 will (shall) 的区别“be going to +动词原形”表示事先考虑好的一个意图，相当于计划、打算或准备；但will(shall)表示的是未经事先考虑的意图。Who is knocking

10、 at the door? Ill go and see who it is.谁在敲门？我去看看谁来了。（“去看看是谁”，显然未经事先考虑好，因此不能说Im going to see ）She is going to change the way to do it.她打算改变处理这件事情的方式。（“改变方式”显然是经过事先考虑的， 所以用be going to ）但如果不清楚是否经过事先考虑时，则二者都可以使用。例如：She wont(is not going to )tell them what she is.她不会（或不打算）告诉他们她是做什么工作的。Will it be fine tom

11、orrow?(=Is it going to be fine tomorrow?)明天天会晴吗？(3) 在含条件状语从句的句中，主句用will(shall), 不能用be going toIf it is fine tomorrow,  well go hiking.如果明天天气好的话，我们去野游。If you do what she asked, you will soon regret it.如果你按她的要求做，你很快就会后悔的。(4)“be to do+动词原形”表示已计划的安排好的动作或状态We are to have two weeks military training

12、tomorrow.我们明天将去去进行为期两周的军训。The U.S.P resident is to arrive in Beijing in two hours.美国总统将于两小时之后到达北京。注意：“be about to do强调在很短的时间内就要发生的动作或状态。She was about to leave when the bell rang.她刚要出门，这时电话铃响了。He was about to go to his office when it began to rain suddenly.他刚要去上班，天空然下起雨了。（5）用一般现在时表示将来的状况 在时间和条件状语从句中表

13、示将来的动作If it is fine tomorrow, well go to the Great Wall.如果明天天气好，我们去长城。When she gets home, she will give me a call.她到家以后，会给我打电话的。 一些表示起始动作的动词可用于表示预先计划和安排的肯定要发生的动作这些主要是一些瞬间动词，如：come, go , start, begin, leave,return, arrive, stop, close等。Her father leaves for Europe next week.下个星期他父亲要动身去欧洲。The finals b

14、egin in three days.期末考试于三天后开始（6）用现在进行时表示将来的动作仅有少量的动词可以如此使用，而且要与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：come, go, start, leave, return, arrive, set , die等。Many of them are coming to this performance next week.下个星期他们有许多人要来参加这场演出。They are setting out at 6:00a.m. tomorrow.他们要在明天早晨六点钟出发。4、现在进行时的用法现在进行时表示现在正在进行着的动作或状态。其结构是：be(am,

15、is are)+现在分词。（1）表示说话时正在进行着的动作常与now连用；还可用动词look(看)，或listen（听）来表示now（现在）这一概念。Look! The bus is coming.看！车来了。Listen! Someone is crying.听！有人在哭。(2)表示近一个阶段时间内正在进行的动作常与at presen（目前），these days(这几天)，this week(这周)等时间状语连用。We are learning Lesson 12 this week.我们本周正在学习第12课。She is working for a big firm at present

16、.她目前正在为一家大公司服务。（3）表示将来的动作仅限于come, go , start, leave, stay, arrive等少量动词。Are you leaving tomorrow?你明天动身吗？This flight is arriving in five minutes.这个航班将于5分钟后到达。(4)现在进行时可用于代替一般现在时，表在说话人的喜好、厌恶等情绪，使句子带有强烈的感情色彩常与always, forever连用Why are you always getting late?你为什么总是迟到？（表示不满）She is doing fine work at the la

17、yers office.她在律师事务所干得很不错。（表示赞许）5、 过去进行时的用法过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行着的动作，一般与表示过去的时间状语，如:then, at that time, at six, yesterday等连用； 但有时没有这些时间状语，而通过上下文的联系来表示。其结构是：was (were)+现在分词。（1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作What were you doing at eight this morning?今天早晨八点钟你在做什么？She was working on the problem this time yesterday.她昨天这

18、时候正在解那道题。（2）表示过去某一阶段内的连续性动作What was Tom doing during the summer holidays?汤姆在暑假期间都做了什么了？We were visiting various museums is London when we stayed there.在伦敦逗留期间，我们参观了各种博物馆。（3）表示两个延续性动作同时进行I was doing my homework while they were watching TV.当时我正在写作业，而他们在看电视。Some students were running round the track wh

19、en we we having a meeting in the classroom.当我们在教室里开会的时候，一些同学正在跑道上跑步。（4）表示一个渐进的变化过程She was getting better and better.她的身体越来越好了。The grass was getting shorter and shorter in those years.那些草逐渐长得越来越矮了。（5）用于间接引语，表示过去将来的动作Susan asked him if he was leaving early the next morning.苏姗问他是否准备第二天一大早就动身。He said he

20、 was coming back soon.他很快就会回来的。注意：有一些表示“感觉，情感，存在，从属思维”的动词，通常不用进行时表达。例如：1.Look, see, hear, seem, notice, appear (表示感觉)Dont look out of the window.别往窗外看。2. like, want, wish, prefer, fear, love, hate, refuse, forgive（表示情感）I prefer tea to coffee.我爱喝茶，不爱喝咖啡。3.stay, be, exist(存在)，remain（保持）, （获得） （表示存在）Mu

21、ch work remains to be done.仍然有很多工作要做。4.have, own(拥有)，possess(拥有), form(形成)， belong(属于)，contain(包含)，consist of (由组成)（表示占有或从属）The students form is two ranks.学生们站成了两列横队。5.think, know, believe, forget, remember, understand, doubt (怀疑)（表示理解或思考）Dont forget to lock the door when you leave.走时别忘锁门。比较：过去进行时与一

22、般过去时的区别过去进行时强调动作的连续性；一般过去时仅表示过去的一个动作的完结，只表示有过这件事。They were seeingthe film last night.昨晚他们在看那个电影 （ 没做其他事）They saw the film last night.昨晚他们看了那个电影 （这一动作已完结）They were cooking for supper yesterday eveving .昨晚她正在做晚饭。（正在做）They cooked for supper yesterday eveving .昨晚她做了晚饭。（已做完）6、现在完成时的用法现在完成时的一般用法现在完成时是一种既涉

23、及过去，又联系现在的一种时态，表示过去的动作对现在所造成的结果或影响。现在完成时的结构形式是：have+(has)+过去分词. 强调过去的动作对现在影响的结果表示动作刚刚结束，常与just, already, yet, notyet 连用。She has just finished her homework.她刚刚写完作业。He has not found a job yet.他还没有找到工作。表示过去动作的结果，对现在仍起作用。通常不与时间状语连用。They have lost the match.他们已经输掉了这场比赛。（虽然比赛是在过去某时进行的，但强调现在的结果是输了）I have a

24、lready bought the computer.我已买下那台电脑。（强调已经拥有那台电脑了） 表示过去的某一动作一直持续发展至今We have lived here in Beijing for 50 years.我们在北京已居住了50年了。（现仍住这里）I have learned 2, 000 new words in the past two years.过去两年以来，我已经学了2，000个生词。（现在还在继续学） 表示经历或经验Have you ever been to Xian?你去过西安吗？She has been there twice.她去过那里两次。（2）现在完成时与一

25、般过去时的区别现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，与现在 没有关系。因此表示过去的时间状语只能用于一般过去时，而不能用于现在完成时。Have you ever seen Chaplins film?你看过卓别林的电影吗？Yes, I have.是的，我看过。When did you see?你是什么时候看的？Last Sunday.上个星期天。Weve just seen a terrible traffic accident.我们刚刚看见一起可怕的交通事故。Oh, what happened?噢，怎么回事？Three cars and a truck r

26、an into one after another.三辆汽车和一辆卡车追尾撞到了一起。必背记住这些常与现在完成时连用的时间状语：this week(month, year),thest days, lately , recently , in the past few days (years) ,during the last three years, Since, since yesterday , since2001 , since 5 days ago, for a long time , for half a month, so far, up to now , till now.注意

27、由since 和for构成的时间状语：since+表示一点的过去时间：for +表示一段的时间。现在完成时与一般过去时havv 加上“过去分”，构成现在完成时。“现在完成”与“过去”，主要区别看“联系”。（用一般过去时）与“现”联系全摆脱，过去做完或做过。只要只说过去事，用“现完成”一定错。（用现在完成时）事情发生在过去，定和现在有联系；不是“时间”即“后果”，just, already常用着。For 或since把时间带，不用“现完”定不可。（3）瞬间动词瞬间动词就是表示短暂性动作的动词，又称点动词或终止性动词，即其所表示的动作有一个终点而不能再延续。 这一类动词的完成时态不能和表示一段的（

28、延续性的）时间状语连用不能说：She has bought the car for a year.而应该说：She has had the car for a year.她买这辆车有一年了。不能说：His father has left China for 10 years.而应该说：His father has been away from China for 10 years.他的父亲离开中国已经10 年了。不能说：The man has joined the Party since 1945.而应该说：The man has been a Party member since 1945.

29、注意经常使用的瞬间动词有：go, come, leave, borrow, join, die, lose, marry(结婚), begin, stop当上述动词的完成时态需要与表示一段的时间状语连用时，其通常变化形式为：have gone(left)- have been awayhave come-have been herehave bought(borrowed) - have had (kept)have joined - have been a member of/have been inhave died - have been dead特别记住下面的表示方法1. 我丢那辆车有

30、三天了It is (has been)three days since I lost the bike(=I lost the bike three days ago.)2. 电影开演十分钟了It has been (is) ten minutes since the film began.(=The film began ten minutes ago.)(=The film has been on for 10 minutes.)3. 他们结婚二十年了It has been 20 years since they were married.(=They got/were married 20 years ago.) 瞬间动词的否定形式可与for和since时间状语连用We havent seen each other for a long time我们有好长时间没有见面了。They havent left the lab since yesterday.他们自昨天以来，一直没离开过实验室。The mother hasnt heard from her son for 3 months.这位母亲已有三个月没收到她儿子的信了。He hasnt come to this bar since she left.自从她走了，他再也没到这个洒吧来。比较have (has) be