初中英语句子的成分.docx

1、初中英语句子的成分第一课时 句子的成分知识点讲解句子的成分句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。1. 主语主语是谓语讲述所要说明或描述的人或事物，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意：不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型。主语：名词（n.）、代词(pron

2、.)、数词(num.)、名词化形容词（adj.）、副词(adv.)、名词化介词(prep.)、不定式(to do )、动名词(doing)、名词化分词、介词短语、从句。1名词作主语。A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒下横在路上。Little streams feed big rivers. 小河流入大江。2代词用作主语。Youre not far wrong. 你差不多对了He told a joke but it fell flat. 他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑3数词用作主语。Three is enough. 三个就够了。Four from se

3、ven leaves three. 7减4余3。4名词化的形容词用作主语。The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。5副词用作主语。Now is the time. 现在是时候了。Carefully does it. 小心就行。6不定式用作主语。To find your way can be a problem. 你能否找到路可能是一个问题。It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。7 动名词用作主语。Smoking i

4、s bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事， 制作影片则是苦事。 2. 谓语说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它的位置一般在主语之后。谓语的构成可能是简单的动词、动词短语等。谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。 可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。We study for the people. 我们为人民学习。What happened? 发生

5、了什么事？He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式I can speak a little English. 我可以说一点英语。I am reading. 我在看书。Whats been keeping you all this time?这半天你在干什么来着？You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。3. 表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”， 如主语的身份、性质、状态和特征， 可以作表语的词有：名

6、词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语。它的位置在系动词后面。表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份、属性或状态等。它位于连系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构在系表结构钟，连系动词只是形式上的谓语，而真正起谓语作用的则是表语，即与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。1由名词构成The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。2由代词构成So thats that. 就是这样。3由数词构成We are seven. 我们一共7人。4由形容词构成Are you busy? 你有空吗？5由副词构成Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）I

7、s anybody in? 里面有人吗？6由不定式构成All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。7由动名词构成Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？8由过去分词构成I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做

8、的很满意。4. 宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，在句中主要充当动作的承受者，在谓语之后（一般皆置于及物动词之后），可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。1由名词构成Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？2由代词构成They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。3由数词构成If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。4由副词构成He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。5由不定式构成Does she really me

9、an to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？5. 状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。可用作状语的有副词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。1.副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but read it well.这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。Naturally we expect hotel guests to

10、 lock their doors.当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。2状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等(1).时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?In China now leads the world.(2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea.She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).(3).原因状语，包括表理由的状语，

11、多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.I eat potatoes because I like them.(4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.(5). 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他

12、跑去避雨。In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.(6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。Well be lucky to get there before dark.If he were to come, what should we say to him?(7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。For all his money, he didnt seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。He helped me although he didnt know me

13、.(8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.To what extent would you trust them? 你对他们信任程度如何？(9)伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.6. 定语定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、 从

14、句和句子或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词又可以作主语，还可以作表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。1形容词用作定语是大量的。She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音乐家。He must be the best violinist alive. 他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定语）2. 名词用作定语。A baby girl 女婴well water 井水Sports car 双座轻型汽车A fools paradise 梦幻的天堂3代词作定语。Your hair needs c

15、utting. 你该理发了。（物主代词用作定语）Everybodys business is nobodys business.人人负责就是无人负责。 （不定代词所有格作定语）4数词作定语Theres only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 19495. 副词充当定语时常后置the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界the way out 出

16、路 a day off 休息日6不定式用作定语Her promise to write was forgotten. 她忘记了答应写信的事。Thats the way to do it. 那正是做此事的方法。7动名词用作定语.A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法8分词充当定语a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花9介词短语用作定语。Th

17、is is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。7. 补语用来对主语或宾语进行补充和说明的成分，一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。1. 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。2.可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等They named the child Jimmy.他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作宾语补语）My mot

18、her looks so young that you would think her my sister.我的母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我的姐姐（名词短语作宾语补语）He boiled the egg hard.她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语）I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补）The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。（不定式用作宾语补语）I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西

19、墙。（动名作宾补 ）Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。8. 同位语若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，后一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释前一个句子成分者，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。可用作定语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、of短语、从句等。1名词用作同谓语是大量的。We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一男一女。We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a power

20、ful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。2代词用作同谓语。They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。Lets you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。3数词用作同谓语。Are you two ready? 你们俩准备好了吗？They two went, we three stayed behind. 他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。4不定式与动名词用作同谓语。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary educat

21、ion, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。9. 独立成分与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all.说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。第二课时 英语基本句型英语五种基本

22、句型列式如下：基本句型一： S + V （主谓）基本句型二： S + V + P （主谓表）基本句型三： S + V + O （主谓宾）基本句型四： S + V + P （主+系+表）*基本句型五： S + V + O + C （主谓宾宾补）1 基本句型一：S + V （主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。2 基本句型二：S + V + P （主谓表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫

23、做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐闻起来很好。3. He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4. Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong.他

24、长得又高又壮。6. The trouble is that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry.我们的井干枯了。8. His face turned red.他的脸红了。3 基本句型三：S + V + O （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 S V（及物动词） O常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, inte

25、nd, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。4. He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have

26、 a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8. He admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型四： S + V + P （主+系+表）主系表结构是由主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，状态，身份等。 P一般是形容词或名词，V是系动词The report sounds interesting. 这则消息听起来很有趣( the report 是主，sounds是系动词，interesting是形容词作表语)Thedeskfeelshard书桌摸起来很硬。She is beautiful. 她很漂亮。(she做主语，is是系动词， be

27、autiful是形容词，做表语)The hamburger looks good. (the hamburger做主语，look是系动词， good是形容词，做表语)常见的系动词（1）表示特征和存在状态的be, feel, look, smell, taste, sound.1. You dont look very well. 你看起来不是特别好2. The roses smell sweet.玫瑰花闻起来很香3. How sweet the music sounds!这首乐曲听起来很好听（2）表示状态延续的KeepChildren, keep quiet please. 孩子们，请保持安静

28、（3）表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, come1. Marys face went red. 玛丽的脸变红了。2. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。第三课时 句子成分划分练习(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given

29、 by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. D

30、o B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want t

31、o tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English