第8讲 总结文章大意二 2.docx

1、第8讲 总结文章大意二 2第八讲 阅读新题型总结文章大意（二）【考点说明】阅读题在每个联盟的英语试题中都是重头戏，占了很大的分值。阅读能力的考察也是目前自主招生考试的出题者的着重考察点。近几年这部分考题的形式也是别出心裁，突破了阅读四选一的传统做法，先后出现了选句子补全对话（6选5）、总结文章大意等类型的题目。各类题目分别细致地考察了阅读能力的不同侧重点，如读懂文章、理清文章的脉络关系、抓住文章主旨大意等，而本讲涉及的总结文章大意类型的阅读则是考察学生在读懂文章并抓住文章主旨大意的基础上再对文章进行总结概括的能力。在归纳文章大意的时候一定要把握好整体和细节的关系，虽不能面面俱到，但也必须要内容

2、完整。可以说题型是越来越灵活，考察的能力也是越来越系统全面。此题型近几年主要在华约联盟中考察。【题型特点分析】阅读理解之总结文章大意是阅读题目中比较难的一类。题目要求将一篇很长的英文文章用200字以内的汉字总结出来。要做对题目，学生要首先读懂文章，然后归纳总结出全篇的主旨大意，最后还好用得当的语言文字整理出来。这样的一道题目是很能看出学生的阅读能力的。针对这样的题目，很多学生都不知道从何下手，其实答案很简单。先回答两个问题： 批注：在这里引导学生思考写作过程和归纳总结文章大意的联系，具体解析会在解题思路下阐释，在这里可以先激发学生思考。【解题思路】一 导入 继续上一讲的讨论，在这里我们着重分析

3、另一类常见文章的写作特点。上图是另一类常见文章的基本架构，我们发现这样的文章通常首尾段提出全文的主旨句和总结句（但并不是一定有，所以这里我用虚线框表示）。接下来文章会围绕几个主题或事物的特点利用若干个段落进行展开说明，每个段落或每几个段落阐释一个特点或观点。二解题步骤1总结写作过程与总结主旨大意题的关联2.方法在线文章段落划分法 解题步骤：3.该方法的适用范围4注意问题(一) 应对段落特别多的文章，在采用该法将小段落按主题分为大段落时，没有一个固定的标准，只要按照考生自己的逻辑划分，可以帮助自己理清思路就可。(二) 在总结每大段的主题句时，要分清哪些段落需要精读（如总结性的，结论性的）哪些段落

4、可以略读（如细节性的，佐证性的），要合理安排时间。(三) 各主题句连起来不是生搬硬套，要注重之间的逻辑关系。【典例精讲】第一部分【总结主题句】：来自上海和香港的中国学生第一次参加国际学生评估测试( PISA)，成绩骄人，出人意料。【解题技巧】：第一段是全文的主旨句，只能给我们提供一个方向，不全作为任何一个大段落的主题句，因为它本身的概括性比较强，所涵盖的信息太少。主题句的特点是即能概括各小段的内容，而它本身又也不能太过空泛。第二部分【总结主题句】：最新的调查颠覆了一些传统教育观，调查表明当剔除经济因素时，私立学校和公立学校相差无几，给老师加薪比小班授课更能提高教学水平等。 【解题技巧】：主题句

5、不能干巴巴的只有一个主题，需要有内容。第三部分【总结主题句】：测试中，阅读方面，女孩强于男孩；而数学和科学正好相反。中国学生这两科都很出色，这次亚洲学生整体表现突出。【解题技巧】：每个小自然段都分别给到一些信息点，最好的总结方式就是把每个段的信息点都列举出来，再组织语言整理主题句。 第四部分【总结主题句】：这次上海香港学生的惊人表现也引发人们对中国其他地区教育提升的期待。【解题技巧】：我们要特别关注文章的最后一段的最后几句话，很有可能是起总结作用的语句，对整篇文章的内容进行提升以及对主题进行升华。【参考答案】来自上海和香港的中国学生第一次参加国际学生评估测试( PISA)，成绩骄人，出人意料。

6、由此引发对传统教育观念的反思，最近调查发现当剔除经济因素时，私立学校和公立学校相差无几，给老师加薪比小班授课更能提高教学水平等现象。测试中，阅读方面，女孩强于男孩；而数学和科学正好相反。中国学生这两科都很出色，亚洲学生整体表现突出。这次上海和香港学生的惊人表现也使人们对中国其他地区教育的提升满怀期待。 例题后的技巧总结：1. 总结主旨大意的时候关注结论性的的言语，略读具体的人物或事物的例子。2. 提取出主题句后，要以段内的细节填充使总结的内容充实饱满，不是光有框架。3. 对总结的内容进行润色，使之逻辑关系清晰，语言通常，内容饱满。【真题模拟题延伸及题训练】（一）I am writing thi

7、s in Xian, ancient capital of the Chinese empire. This is where the famous terracotta warriors were found, mute witnesses to the scale, resources and organizing capacity of the ancient Chinese state. Xian is a city of 8 million people, in the middle of the country. The road from the airport is surro

8、unded with half-finished buildings, a sign of the construction boom of recent years. The economic changes are palpable, as the) are elsewhere in this vast country.China is a nascent superpower. According to the wonderful database published by the Conference Board, its gross domestic product, at purc

9、hasing power parity, was 80 percent of that of the US in 2009. Its GDP per head has risen from a mere 3 percent of US levels in 1978 to close to 20 percent in 2009.By 2014, at current rates of relative growth, Chinas economy will pass the US. in absolute size, to be the biggest in the world, at PPP.

10、 Its GDP also seems almost certain to surpass that of the US at market prices before the end of this decade, partly because of its rapid growth and partly because of the inevitable appreciation of the renminbi.In short, however measured, China will shortly displace the US from the position it has he

11、ld as the worlds biggest economy since approximately 1890. To put this in context, this transition is occurring even faster than Goldman Sachs predicted in its celebrated initial report on the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) economiesin the early part of the last decade.Moreover, China is alr

12、eady the worlds largest exporter of goods (in gross terms) and is probably the worlds largest net creditor nation, though almost all of these assets are invested in the low-yielding government debt of the advanced countries, especially the US.The question I want to explore is what this epoch-making

13、transition is going to mean for the world?Let me start by suggesting what it will not mean. China will remain a middle-income country for quite a while longer, with average productivity far below that of the US and other leading high-income countries.The US will also surely remain the worlds technol

14、ogical leader for many decades, though the durability of this advantage is no longer guaranteed, given its current policies towards education, science and immigration.Partly as a result of the technological gap, the Chinese military will also remain behind that of the US. In terms of global reach an

15、d technological capacity for quite a few decades, On whether this will prove a serious handicap for China, one might differ: my own view is that much of current US military spending is not only a waste of resources, but a temptation to folly.What 1 think of as the torture presidency of George W. Bus

16、h inflicted massive damage on IS influence and prestige. So, even more, has the financial crisis. The US had the reputation of knowing at least how to manage modern capitalism. That has gone with the winds that whistled down Wall Street in 2008. Yet I am an optimist and so hope that the US will yet

17、recover from its current political and economic mire.China, in short, will not become the predominant power that the US has been, at least over the next few decades.Nevertheless, we have to recognize what the rise of China does obviously mean.We are seeing the end not only of the brief period of the

18、 US vision of itself as the sole superpower, but, more broadly, of centuries of western domination. The rise of India as the worlds largest democracy reinforces this transition. Over the next few decades a west in relative decline will be forced to co-operate with the rest of the world. This is a go

19、od thing. But it will create huge challenges.We have to recognize that transitions of power always create huge frictions, with the incumbents trying to protect what they see as the natural order of things and the insurgents resentful of always delayed recognition of their rising power and status.Yet

20、 we also need to understand the potential advantages of the transformation now under way. The population of the world could, with luck and judgment, share in prosperity and contribute its ideas and energy to securing a better future for every body.So how might this end? 1 envisage three possible out

21、comes.First, the positive sum view wins out. Awareness of the absence of any deep ideological conflict, of mutual economic dependence, of a shared planetary destiny and of the impossibility of war in a nuclear age force adequate levels of global co-operation. For this to happen there must also be a

22、profound commitment to co-operation, not much evident recently in such areas as climate change or global imbalances.Second, the negative sum view wins out. Power is relative. The incumbent and the rising powers compete for dominance. Resources, similarly, are finite. In this world, economic disarray

23、 and the struggle for scarce resources lead to a retreat from globalization, while balance of power politics dominate international relations. We may see the emergence of a balancing coalition against China, consisting, at the least, of the US, Europe, India and Japan, possibly joined by other power

24、s.Third, we muddle through, with a mixture of the above two approaches: globalization and a degree of economic co-operation survive, but classic balance of power politics become more significant, as China, in turn, becomes more assertive of its rank in the world system. This, roughly speaking, was t

25、he world before the first world war not an encouraging precedent.These are just preliminary thoughts on what is surely the fundamental challenge of our era and the one on which solution of all other challenges depends.（一） 划分段落（二） 总结主题（三） 整理大意 【参考答案】中国的经济发展举世瞩目，中国崛起对世界有何影响？作者认为，中国不会像有些机构预测的那样，替代美国而成为

26、世界第一。至少在数十年内，中国依然是发展中国家。东方国家的崛起终结了西方主宰世界的时代。这种权势的转换可能有子种结果：第一，“积极因素之和”论，即世界各国展开合作；第二，“消极因素之和”论，即各势力竞争主导地位，可能会产生针对中国的联盟；第三，中间道路，继续全球经济合作，追逐政治平衡。 （二）Ask a young child, How was school today?”And youre likely to hear about recess. My son is 7 years old, and like many children his age, recess is the emot

27、ional core of his school day. Whether he comes home light- or heavy-hearted depends on what happened during play time. This is common. Researchers say that one of the best predictors of whether kids feel happy in school is whether they feel comfortable and competent during recess.This is not exactly

28、 a groundbreaking insight. Philosophers and child development experts have been trumpeting the importance of play for centuries. Piaget said that children discover the world through play. Friedrich Froebel，who opened the first kindergarten in 1837， called play deeply significant”. And Plato believed

29、 that children had to grow up in an atmosphere of play to become virtuous citizens.In the face of this accumulated wisdom, the question is why so many educators across the nation have, in recent years, decided that it is acceptable to reduce or eliminate recess. As a Baltimore principal told me，When

30、ever we get away from the traditional subjects 一 and recess can be looked at as a traditional subject we have to wonder why weve stopped doing what has worked in the past”Principals who cut or eliminate recess in their schools tend to do so for two major reasons：they feel they need to maximize every

31、 minute of instruction time to improve student test scores and, in many cases, recess has become a behavioral headache. In Tuesdays column, I explained how an organization called Playworks is helping to address this problem by placing full-time coaches in schools to teach children how to manage thei

32、r play. Many readers liked the idea. Some wrote movingly about their own recess experiences. Jkisner from Waynesburg commented： Ill never forget when my 6th- grade teacher, Mr Francis Smith, played Softball and soccer with us at recess 47 years ago. ” Another reader, Josh Hill, from New London wrote： Fifty years later, I still carry the emotional scars of Lord of the Flies recess bullying.”These comments reveal just how defining playground ex