定语从句语法知识归纳.docx

1、定语从句语法知识归纳定语从句 语法知识归纳一、基本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。 一关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词的用法

2、（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those boo

3、ks whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语H

4、e is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they

5、 argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用 tha

6、t。1先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.

7、 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little

8、 money (that) he had was stolen.（三）其它情况 先行词既有人又有物时。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at th

9、e meeting?（四）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（五）与who

10、se有关的问题 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 T

11、he building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而

12、不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致

13、。例如：Who is the guy that is reading over there?1The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000.2All that needs to be done has been done.3He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.4Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all

14、意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。定语从句（二） 关系副词引导的定语从句一、“介词+关系代词”结构1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词 e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldnt be friends.2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。 e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.3. that前不能有介词。4. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以跟关系副词when 和where 互

15、换。e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?二、关系副词的用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whic

16、h代替where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which代替why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which代替（一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。1. when 在从句中作时间状语。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。 e.g. April the first is the day when

17、 people make fun of others. =April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where 在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。 e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago. =This is the house in which he lived two years ago.3. why why在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替。why不

18、可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。 e.g. This is the reason why he went away. =This is the reason for which he went away.（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如1I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.2This

19、 is the house in which I lived two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago.3We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.=We dont know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。例如：I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 这里in which 代表的是in th

20、e way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。试比较下面两组句子：1This is the factory that/which produces radios.This is the factory where radios are produced.第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：The factory produces radios. 而第二

21、句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语故而应选用关系副词：Radios are produced in the factory.2Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?Do you remember the days when we worked together?第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together. 而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days. （四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法1. I dont like the way in w

22、hich he look at people. 当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。又如： Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown. 当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。又如： It was the first time (that) we had st

23、ayed up so late. The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made. She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.三、关系副词的省略：1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. By the time (when) he was four

24、teen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。 e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。 e.g. I know the way (that) he learns En

25、glish.四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法： 1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 判断下列句子的对错 （） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （） Ill never f

26、orget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。1. 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示：指代对象指代人指代物主格who宾语wh

27、omwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。 引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where。不可用why。2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况：（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容 e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teac

28、her, retired last year.（3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等结构时 e.g. Youve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness,3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time wh

29、en I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句： 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国家名等。 非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 从句和主

30、句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。 与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as和关系副词when, where, why 引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。例如：We will fly to Xian first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.1My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.2As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state

31、. 非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题 在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。例如：My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isnt running well. 先行词是car1He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 先行词是he had never seen her before which和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。 as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。另外