1、APA格式文中引用解读APA 格式文内引用文献引用(Citation) 文献引用必须注明出处,这直接反映论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学态度。文献引用应遵照下列规范: 引用规范:按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA(the Modern Language Association,人文科学常用)和APA(the American Psychological Association,社会科学常用)两类,区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA或APA的要求,格式上做到前后一致。 引文出处:使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。正文中,括号夹注放在句末标点以内,但不得放
2、在引文的引号以内。引语段(block quotation)的括号夹注不属于单句,因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。 直接引语都必须标明页码,以便读者查找。引语(Quotations) 用方括号(square brackets“ ”)和省略号(ellipses“”)标明更动原文的地方。 短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。 双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。 引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。 在任何情况下(即使引语仅仅只有一个单词): 句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内(无论单引号还是双引号), 冒号(“:”)和分号(“;”)都必须放在引号之外,
3、引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(“?”)应放在引号之外。 三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(block quotation)。 引语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。 引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符(TAB)的距离。 如果引语段原为一自然段,则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。 引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。 正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。 引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were
4、 polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration fo
5、r writing (1990). 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:(Zhang, 2005) 引用文献中具体
6、观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复。引用多位作者写作的同一文献两位作者:Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。三至五
7、位作者:第一次引用:According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用:To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).五位以上的作者:Patterns of byzantine intrigue h
8、ave long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003) 引用同样姓氏的不同作者 假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如: Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the developme
9、nt of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如: (W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)引用团体作者(corporate author) 引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如: Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Col
10、umbia University, 1987, p. 54). 引用无作者文献 引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如: (“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001) 在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。 独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字 书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括
11、号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no
12、 overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).引用同一作者的多篇文献同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如: (Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004) 括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如: (Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004) 同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如: (Blo
13、om, 2003a, 2003b) 同一作者的多篇文献列入References时,第二篇起作者名用横线代替。同时引用不同作者的多篇文献 括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolatio
14、n due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).引用非直接文献(indirect source) 论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:Grayson (as cited in Murzy
15、nski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. 引用非直接文献以后,在
16、正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。对引语文字的更改 直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“ ”)以内。例如:删除词句:He stated, “The placebo effect, . di
17、sappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加词组:Smith (1982, p. 276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when his own and others behaviors were studied in this m
18、anner.” 无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。 注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。APA 格式参考文献 正文引用文献须按APA的要求,著录在References之下,在正文最后一章结束后另页开始,页码与正文相连。文献著录必须按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,不得以正文中出现的先后编码排序,不得使用阿拉伯数字。每一条目中的各项内容都必须按APA规定的次序和格式编排。 参考文献的字体与正文相同,条目间距为1.5行,条目内换行用单倍行距。1 著录已出版的文章一位作者写的
19、文章。依次提供以下信息:作者、出版年代、文章名称(正体,文章名的第一个单词的首字母大写,其余均为小写)、期刊名称(斜体,每个单词的首字母大写)、卷号(每年的若干期为一卷)、期号、文献起始页码。Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.两位作者写的文章Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-3
20、05.两位以上的作者写的文章Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43. 如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education,
21、 occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review) Falk, J. S. (1990). Review of Narratives from the crib. Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book) Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support
22、and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.杂志中的文章Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67. 注意:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。报纸中的文章Freudenheim, M. (1987, December
23、 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件(A government publication)National Institute of
24、 Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.2 著录已出版的书籍一位作者写的书籍依次提供以下信息:作者姓+逗号+空格+作者名的首字母+点+空格+出版年代+点+空格+专著名称(斜体)+点+空格+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+点。Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origin
25、s of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。两位作者的文献:第一作者姓+逗号+空格+第一作者名的首字母+点+空格+&+第二作者的姓+逗号+空格+第二作者名的首字母+点+空格+出版年代+点+空格+专著名称(斜体)+点+空格+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+点。比如:Brown, G. & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.三位作者以上的文献参照两位作者的文献的格式。比如:B
26、utt, D., Fahey, R., Spinks, S., & Yallop, C. (1995). Using Functional Grammar: An Explorers Guide. Macquarie University: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.新版书(Book with a new edition)Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.团体作者(Book with
27、a corporate author)写的书籍American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍(Book with no author)Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 编撰的书
28、籍(Edited book)Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍(Translated book)Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946) 注意在两
29、种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。重版书(Republished book)Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885; translated 1913)3 著录尚未正式出版的文献硕博士论文(Dissertation)引用此类文献时要注明是未出版的学位论文以及授予学位的机构。Thompson, L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpu
30、blished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.学术会议上的报告(Conference paper)引用学术会议上宣读的论文时,需要提供作者姓名、年代、文章名称、会议名称、时间、地点等信息。Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1988, October). The dark side of charisma. Paper presented at the Conference on Psychological Measures and Leadership, San
31、 Antonio, TX.研究报告Elman, J., & Zipser, D. (1987). Learning the hidden structure of speech (Report No. 8701). Institute for Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.小册子(A brochure)Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) Brochure. Lawrence, KS: Author.4 著录非印刷材料电影或录像Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really Big Disaster MovieMotion picture. United States: Paramount Pictures.假若著录非正式发行的电影或录像,则应报告收藏该电影或录像的地方,如:Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Dire
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