1、英语构词方法英语构词法1.表示否定或反义的常用词缀:反义否定反义否定前缀前缀位置意义例词a-an-not,without否定apo1itical不关心政治的;anonymous匿名的,无名的,不知名的ab-away fromabnormal非正常的;a-ab-abs-在“t”“v”之前avoid避免abstain弃权,戒;abstract摘要ant-anti-against,opposite“反抗”“反”“抗”antarctic南极(的); anti-Japanese war抗日战争;antimissile反导弹的;antisocial反社会的;antimagnetic防磁的;antisept
2、ic防腐剂;antifreezing liquid抗冻剂counter-contra-againstOpposite反,对应counteraction反作用;contrast对比,对照;counteract抵抗;counterattack反攻;counterpart对手,副本;contramissile反导弹 导弹;counterclcckwise逆时针的de-away,down,negative离开,分,否定,使低下decompose分解;decompression减压;degrade使降级;demobilize复员;degenerate堕落的;decay衰败;debase贬低;dis-加在
3、名、形、动词前不disadvantage不利,不利条件;disagree,不同意dis-加在动词前不再disappear消失;disarm解除武装;disconnect分离di-dif-dis-away,negative否定,分开,不distrust不信任怀疑;disassemble拆开:divest脱衣,剥夺;differentiate区分il-加在以“l” 开头的词前不illegal不合法的;illiterate文盲;illegitimate非法的im-in-ir-加在字母m,b,p之前not,in,into否定,加强或引申意义impracticable行不通的; invisible不可见
4、的;irrational不合理的;inaccurate不准确的;irresistable不可抗拒的;mal-bad,badly恶,不良maltreat虐待;malfunction机能失常;malcontent不满的;malnutrition营养不良;maladminister对管理不善mis-bad,badly错,坏mistake错误non-not否定nonmetal非金属;non-ferrous非铁的;nonviolent非暴力的;nonprofessional无职业的se- 分离separation分离;secure安全;segregation隔离,分开un-加在形、副、名词前not否定u
5、npredictable无法预言的;unknown未知的后缀-proof加在名词后(adj)防的, waterproof防水的;boomproof防弹的;soundproof隔音的;burglar-proof防盗的2.表示时间的常用词缀:时间时间前缀前缀词缀位置意义例词ante-before在之前ante-room前厅;ante-Christian基督降生前;antecedent先行的,先时的 ex-前任的ex-president前总统;ex-premier前总理fore-before前预先foremost最前的;forecast预测;forefather前人,祖先;forehead前额;fo
6、retell预言;foreground前景;foresee预见pre-before之前prehistory史前:prerequisite先决条件;prelude序言前奏曲;pre-election大选前;Prefix前缀pro-预先的programme节目单;prologue序言,序幕;prophet预言家proto-原始,初protohydrogen初氢;prototype原型;protoplasm原生质;protoplast原物,原型meta-在之后,变化,变位Metaphor隐喻;metaphrase逐字硬译;metaphysics形而上学post-after之后postwar战后;po
7、stgraduate研究生;post-liberation解放后retro-back往后的retrograde倒退的;retrospect回顾3.表示数字的常用词缀:数字数字前缀前缀词缀位置意义例词 demi-hemi-semi-半demigod半神半人;hemicycle半圆形建筑semiautomatic半自动的;semimechanized半机械化的mono-one单一monomotor单发动机;monowheel单轮uni-uniform均匀的;unipolar单极的;unicellular单细胞的:uniaxial单轴的;unilateralism单边主义ambi-amphi-两周围
8、ambiguous有两个意义的,暧昧的;amphitheater圆形剧场;ambidextrous左右手都善用;amphibian两栖的bi-二,双bimetalic双金属的;bimotor双发动机;biweekly双周(刊);biyearly两年一次的di-dioxide二氧化物;diode二级管;diphthong双元音tri-三triangle三角形;tripod三角架;triennial每三年一次的;triple三倍的;tricar三轮车;triode三极管quadri-quadru-四quadruple四倍的;quadrangle四边形;quadricentennial四百周年纪念p
9、enta-五pentagon五角大楼;pentagram五角星形:pentameter五步诗句quinque- quinqui- quinqua-quinta-fever五日回归热;quintessence精华(古代所谓组成天体的“第五元素”) sex-sexi-六sexangle六角;sexennial六年一度的;sexcentenary六周年纪念sept-七September九月(古罗马的七月);septennial七年一度的hepta-heptad七人集团;heptagon七角形octa-oct-octo-八octagon八角形;October十月;:octad八价元素;octopus章
10、鱼nona- ennea-九nonagon九角形;ennead九个一组deci-deca-十decimal十进位的;decagramme十克;decade十年,十个合成一组centi-百,百分之一centimetre厘米(百分之一米);omtilitre厘升(百分之一升);centipede蜈蚣(百脚虫)kilo-千Kilowatt千瓦;kilometer千米;kilogram(me)公斤,千克milli-千,千分之一millennial千年的;milligram毫克multi-许多Multi-coloured颜色多样的,Multi-national多民族的;multiform多种形式的;mu
11、ltilateral多边的;multipole多极poly-多,复,聚polygon多边形;polyatomic多原子的;polyphase多相的;polyunclear多核的英语构词法知识英语单词的来源大致上分为五种:1) 基本词(base)-是那些在今天看来已经不可再分的词,出现频率较高,非专门记忆不可2)合成词(combining words)3)缩略词(shortening words) 可以分为两种:一种是对原来完整的词进行加工,缩略其中一部分字母,构成新词,这种词叫缩短词(clipped word)。例如phone = telephone, chute = parachute ,
12、copter = helicopter , auto = automobile , ad = advertisement , demo = demonstration ,flu = influenza , fridge = refrigerator;另外一种缩略词是首字母缩略词(acronyms),也就是将词组中的起首字母联成一个词,例如:NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization , radar= radio detecting and ranging; 4)拼缀词(blending words) 拼缀词就是对原来的两个词进行剪裁,取其中的一部分,连成
13、一个新词,例如:smog = smoke and fog , medicare = medical + care , psywar = psychological + warfare;5)转类词(shifting words): 转类词就是词汇不改变词形而转换了词类而构成的新词在这几种构词法中最活跃也是最能够引发人的主动性的要数合成词了。 1词根(root) 下面我们选择了在现代英语中出现频率较高的一些词根,供大家学习记忆。在学习的过程中需要提醒注意的是,这些词根在构成新词的时候,受前后语音的自然影响,往往不止有一种形式,这个一般在括号内标出来了。 aer(o) = air空气 aerial空
14、气的 aeroplane飞机 alt = high高 altitude高度 anim = life生命 animal动物 animate使生机勃勃 audi(audit) = hear听 audience听众 audit旁听、审计 aut-(auto-) = self自我 autocrat专制者 autograph亲笔 automobile汽车 bio(bi) = life生命 biology生物学 cert = certain确定的 certify证实 certificate证明书 circ = ring环形 circus马戏场 circle圆圈 circulate流通、流传 cred =
15、believe相信 credible可信的 credit信任 dent = tooth牙齿 dentist牙医 ego = I我 egoist自我主义 egocentric自我中心的 geo = earth地 geography地理 geometry几何 geology地质学 habit = dwell居住 habitant居住者 inhabit 居住于 liter = letter文字 literate识字的 literature文学 literal字面的 mini = small小 minify使缩小 minimum最小量 miniature微型物 nutri = nourish营养 nu
16、trition营养 malnutrition营养不良 port = carry运 portable可携带的import进口 porter搬运工 scend(s) = climb攀爬 ascend上升 descend下降 transcend超越 tele = far远 telescope望远镜 telegram电报 television电视 vis, vid = see看 visible可见的 visit参观 evident明显的 2前缀 词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。 具有否定意义(表示对词根反向的概念,另外包括外向概念、下概念
17、、过度或不足概念等)的前缀有: ab - abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的 anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 antibody contra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的 counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击 de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 devalue 贬值 dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能 in- incorrect inactive inconvenient indirect il-
18、 illegalim- impossible improper impolitemal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调 mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 mistrustnon- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonsense nonstop out- outnumber在数量上超过 over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视;忽视 overthrow推翻 re- replace reuse retell sub- subway地铁 subhead副标题 super- superpower超级大国 su
19、persensitive过度敏感 un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的 vice- vice-president副总统 vice- chairman副主席 具有时间意义的前缀有: pre - preread preview prehistory史前 post- postwar postreading 具有地点、方向意义(包括上下、前后、来回、内外)的前缀有: ab- (away from) abnormal abuse ex- export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人 extra- extracurricular课外的
20、extraordinary格外的 fore- forehead前额 foreground前景 im- import进口 immigrate inter- interfere干涉 internet互联网 interactive互动over- overtake oversleep sub- subway地铁 submarine海面以下的 super- superstructure上层建筑 trans- transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输 under- underground地下的 underwear内衣 ultra- ultraviolet紫外线 具有数量意义的有: mo
21、no- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调 pan- Pan- American泛美的 bi- bilingual双语的 bicycle bimonthly di- dialogue dioxide hemi- hemisphere semi- semicircle半圆 tri- triangle三角形 penta- pentagon五角形 kilo- kilogram kilowatt milli- milligram millimetre micro- Microsoft microscope microwave mini- minibus miniskirt multi- m
22、ultiparty多党的 co- cooperation coworker coauthor coexist 3后缀 最常见的形容词后缀有: -(a)ble : readable drinkable applicable valuable - al personal national practical global -(i)cal : typical biological -an American European-ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形) - ar similar solar -en: wooden golden-ern : eastern we
23、stern -ese : Chinese Japanese(名词和形容词同形) -ful : useful skillful eventful successful-ic : atomic historic -istic : artistic realistic -tic : dramatic romantic -ish : childish reddish English i(ti)ve : sensitive primitive protective productive - less : homeless useless - like : childlike manlike -ly: f
24、riendlycostly daily -ent : insistent different -(i)ous : righteous正直的 anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 dangerous -proof: fireproof bombproof -some: troublesome lonesome -ward : downward seaward awkard- y : rainy rosy sleepy angry最常见的名词后缀有: 表示具体的人的后缀: -er: prisoner gardener lawyer stranger -or: visitor actor op
25、erator inventor-ar: scholar liar beggar-eer: engineer mountaineer -ent: resident-ess: princess hostess goddess waitress actress-ian: musician physician -ist: scientist novelist specialist activist-ant: assistant servant accountant-ee: employee trainee examinee-zen: citizen netizen 表示抽象的动作情况的后缀: -aci
26、ty : capacity -al: survival refusal arrival trial approval-ence ( - ance , -ency , -ancy ): influence acceptance difference -ment: movement equipment arrangement treatment-hood: boyhood neighborhood-ics: linguistics athletics-ness: darkness happiness illness-tion: celebration attraction contribution
27、 addition-ation: invitation application preparation pronunciation-sion: permission possession discussion conclusion decision -y: injury discovery difficulty delivery-(i)ty: variety reality ability safety nationality activity equality-ery: bakery nursery bravery-ful: bagful basketful handful-dom: fre
28、edom kingdom wisdom-(t)ure: mixture failure pressure pleasure-age: percentage marriage storage shortage-ship: leadership scholarship hardship friendship-ance: appearance entrance guidance performance-th: truth length strength youth warmth depth width death最常见的动词后缀有: -ate:differentiate -en: sharpen d
29、arken strengthen fasten broaden threaten brighten weakenen-: enlarge enable encourage enjoy -fy: simplify beautify classify -ise(-ize):criticize fertilize modernize realize其他:believe-belief poor-poverty speak-speech sorry-sorrowhot-heat high-height sit-seat see-sightbreathe-breath bathe-bath feed-food bleed-blood 英语构词法 掌握一些英语构词法,对单
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