英语人教版九年级全册定语从句教授.docx

1、英语人教版九年级全册定语从句教授初中英语定语从句要点详解 定语从句:用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 一词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物 主语 Who which that 主语 Whom which that 宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例：This is the detective who came from London. 例：The book which I a

2、m reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. 关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果

3、先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从

4、句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则

5、用who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you? “介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句

6、。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开

7、。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 二关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。 三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以

8、由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如： 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about. 2) He was the only person in

9、 this country who was invited. 四As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如： The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. （）the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。 2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但

10、which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.初中英语中连词的用法大全 连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for,

11、hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and)then等等。 并列连词引导两个并列的句子。 1)and 与or判断改错：(错) They sat down and talk about something.(错) They started to dance and sang.(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.(对) They sat down and talked about something.(对) They started

12、 to dance and sing.(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.解析： 第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。 第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。 第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） Make up your mind, and youll get the ch

13、ance. = If you make up your mind, youll get the chance. One more effort, and youll succeed. = If you make one more effort, youll succeed. 2)both and两者都She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3)not onlybut (also), as well as不但而且）She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 注意： not only but

14、 also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.4)neithenor 意思为既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。Neither you nor he is to blame.初中英语中连词的用法大全or与and比较： 1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. There

15、is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题-I dont like chicken _ fish.-I dont like chicken, _ I like fish very much.A. and； and B. and； butC. or； butD. or；and答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。判断改错：(错) We will die without air and water.(错) We cant live without air or w

16、ater.(对) We will die without air or water.(对) We cant live without air and water.so与such比较： 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。so + adj.such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)so + adj. +

17、 n. 不可数such +n. 不可数so foolish such a foolso nice a flower such a nice flowerso many/ few flowers such nice flowersso much/little money.such rapid progressso many people such a lot of people so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 very 修饰原级形容

18、词和副词以及完全形容词性化的现在分词或过去分词,如:tired, ashamed, exciting等 【注】 1. 非形容词性化的分词不能用very修饰, 可用much修饰. eg.) She is very pleased by his words. () She is much pleased by his words. () 2. 一些不分等级的形容词不能用very修饰, 可用quite (completely) 修饰. eg.) You are very wrong. () You are quite wrong. () 3. 部分以a 开头的形容词不能用very修饰, 可用 muc

19、h修饰. eg.) She was very afraid of dogs. () She was much afraid of dogs. () much 1. 修饰动词 2. 修饰介词以及形容词和副词的比较级 eg.) The girl is much like her mother. She is much younger than her husband. 3. 修饰部分以a开头的形容词, 如: afraid, awake, alive, ashamed, alone, etc. well 作“很,非常,相当”讲, 主要用来修饰动词、介词短语或用于固定搭配。 eg.) She was

20、well past thirty at that time. His house is over there, well above the other houses. I dont know him well. Cook the fish well before eating it. The book is well worth reading. quite 1. 修饰表示绝对意义的形容词或副词, 如：sure, certain, possible, impossible, right, wrong, perfect, dead, ready等。 Eg.) Im quite sure the

21、 dog is quite dead. 2. 修饰动词或名词 eg.) She quite likes the bike, but she is not quite ready to buy it. I had quite a time at your party that evening. 3. 可修饰good, well, ld, young等个别形容词的比较级 eg.) Shes feeling quite better today. She looks quite older than before. badly 表示程度时含有迫切之意,常修饰want, need等动词或表示不良情况的

22、短语 eg.) They are badly in need of teachers. She wants to go abroad badly. He was badly wounded. enough 意为 “足够地、非常、很”, 修饰形容词, 副词, 动词, 但须放在这些词的后面. eg.) The meat is not done enough. The boy ran fast enough to catch up with the dog. fast/sound/wide/widely 这些词用作程度副词, 主要用在一些固定搭配中. Eg.) The baby was fast (

23、sound) asleep. She was wide awake at that time. These books are widely different. Opinions vary widely on this subject. nice (good, fine) and +形容词(副词) eg.) He was good and tired after work. The flowers look good and beautiful.初中英语学习中部分否定的几种表示方法 英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：一、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）

24、表示“并非都”、“不是所有的都”例如：Not all men can be masters. （= All men cannot be masters.） 并非人人都能当头头。Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。二、 both 的否定式：notboth （或：both not） “并非两个都” 例如：I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。Both （the） windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。三、 every的否定式：“不是每都” 例如：Not every book is educa

25、tive. （或：Every book is not educative.） 不是每本书都有教育意义的。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。四、 always的否定式：“并非总是（并非一直）” 例如：He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。五、 entirely， altogether， completely 和quite 的否定式：“不完全”，“并非完全” 例如：The businessman is never to b

26、e entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。六、 all the time 的否定式：“并非一直”、“未必老是” 例如：A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。七、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：He did not speak c

27、learly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。如要对上述的all， both， every， always， 以及entirely， altogether， completely， quite 和 all the time 等

28、词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no， none， neither， no one， never， not （never） at all 等。例如：All of them can do it. None of them can do it.Both are good.Neither is good.Everybody likes it. Nobody likes it.He is always late. He is never late.We dont trust them entirely. We never trust them at all.He was here a

29、ll the time. He was never here.英语中肯定与否定的判定当我们判定一个句子是肯定还是否定，我们多会首先从形式上加以裁判。在汉语里有“不”“非”等，在英语里有“no”“not”等来表示否定，而用“是”“yes”来表示肯定。句中使用了表示否定意义的词的句子为否定句，反之则为肯定句。在绝大多数时候，句子的形式及其传达的意义是统一的。然而，无论中文还是英文，都会出现由于表达的习惯，语气的不同以及修辞等目的，用否定句式表达肯定含义，用肯定形式表达否定含义的言不由衷的情况。笔者试着做了一个并不全面的归纳，以期抛砖引玉。在英语中，时常为了达到某种交际的目的而采取一种以否定句式来表达肯定含义的修辞方法，以加强语气或使语气更加委婉含蓄。我们常使用一些特殊的手段来达此目的。 第一，词汇和短语手段。 cannot/could