高中英语语法复习第一讲.docx

1、高中英语语法复习第一讲高一学生英语语法复习第一讲 词类、句子成分、句子种类一、根据单词的含义、性质和造句过程中的作用把它们分为十大类,每类词汇在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用,因此分清每一个单词的词类对于学好英语具有非常关键的意义.名词: 表示人或事物的词(包括专有名词和普通名词)。 如： teacher, stduent, Beijing. 数词: 表示数量和顺序的词。如：eight , first . 代词: 代替名词和数词的词。如：she, he, these. 动词: 表示动作和状态的词。如：run,make,look. 形容词: 是表示人或事物特征的词。如：beautiful,good

2、. 副词: 修饰动词，形容词，副词的词。如：slowly,much,fast. 冠词: 与名词连用，是起说明人或事物的作用的词。如：the,a,an. 介词: 通常置于名词和代词（宾格）之前，表示名词和代词于其他词的关系。如：in,on,about. 连词: 是一种连接词与词或者句子与句子的词。如：and,but,because. 感叹词: 是表示说话人的感情或语气的词。如：oh,hey. 因为名、动、形，副、代、数不仅有具体的意义而且也能够独立做句子成分，我们不妨按照汉语习惯，把它们称作实词；而冠、介、连、叹则为虚词，不能在句子中独立充当任何句子成分。二、句子成分：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子

3、成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of th

4、e students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2.

5、谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2) 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, tur

6、n, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must

7、 be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等担任。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many di

8、ctionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They

9、elected him their monitor.5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw

10、her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）6. 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed cou

11、ntry.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、

12、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you mus

13、t continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in h

14、er hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。We student

15、s should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。9. 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。三、句子种类（一）按句子的结构可分三种：1. 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are Amer

16、ican boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2. 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or，so, for等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3. 主从复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。The fore