词语用法与语法结构.docx

1、词语用法与语法结构第二部分 语法结构从以下几个方面强化语法知识：第一节 谓语动词第二节 非谓语动词第三节 各种从句第四节 强调句型第五节 倒装结构第六节 反意疑问句每节结束后我们会配以一定数量的练习，帮助读者更好地掌握该部分内容。一谓语动词时态，语态，语气，情态动词，以及主谓一致1.1动词的时态动词的时态指的是作谓语的动词用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种形式。共有16中英语的动词时态。现 在过 去将 来1. 一般现在时5. 一般过去时8. 一般将来时一般过去将来时2. 现在进行时6. 过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时3. 现在完成时7. 过去完成时9. 将来完成时过去将来完成时4. 现在完成

2、进行时过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时备注：编有号码的时态为重点。（一）、一般现在式1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always，usually，often，sometimes，every day, every week的等时间状语连用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。例：The earth is round.地球是圆的。3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。例：I dont think you are right.我以为你错了。4、在时间、条件状语从

3、句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，until，if。我们在此引用三道真题。例（1）When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?As soon as _ our work for tomorrow.A. were complete B. wed completeC. well complete D. we complete例（2）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finished B. finis

4、h C. finished D. was finishing例（3）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated (二) 、现在进行时1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 老师正在与学生们谈话。2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作。例：I am attending a conference in New York. 我正在纽约参加一个会

5、议。(三)、现在完成时1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。例（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）例（2）I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的短语连用）。例（1）He has _ the army for ten years and is now an

6、officer.A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into（【答案】C）（1995年49题）他入伍十年，现为军官。（现在还在军中。）例（2）Theyve known each other since childhood. 他们从小认识。（现在还继续来往）3、非延续性动词和it is +时间+since.（过去时）英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用(如for ten years)。下题是非常典型的例子。例（1）It is ten years since he left home and joined the army.

7、他入伍离乡已十年。对非延续性动词，表达完成事态时常用it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。4、have（has）been to和have（has）gone to的区别have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever连用。have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。（1）He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。（现在不在此地）（2）He has been to

8、 America twice. 他（曾经）去过美国两次。(四)、现在完成进行时表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。例（1）：I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knocking B. am knocking C. knocking D. have been knocking（【答案】D）（1998年49题）now一词表示敲门动作持续进行一直到现在。例（2）Since he left the university, he _

9、in an accounting company. A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working（【答案】A）（2006年4月16题）表示自大学毕业起一直在会计公司工作。(五)、一般过去时：（本书后面附有不规则动词变化表，请同学们熟练掌握之）1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和具体的过去时间状语连用，如just now, last year, when I was 18 years old等。例：Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _ tw

10、o classes just last week.A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed（【答案】A）（1995年59题）2、used to do sth：过去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）(六)、过去进行时1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点

11、他正在做作业。2、when 和while 的用法区别when表示一个特定时间点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。例（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played（【答案】A）（1998年43题）例（2）When you _ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking（答案为

12、B）（1999年35题）例（3）One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C. slept D. was sleeping（答案为D）（1996年23题）3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此

13、地了。(七)、过去完成时1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。例（1）When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she _ two days before.A. has left B. was leaving C. would leave D. had left（【答案】D）（2003年11月40题）例（2）About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could re

14、ad, the Chinese _ paper.A. invented B. had inventedC. have invented D. had been invented（【答案】B）（1997年35题）2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been on B. was onC. has been on D. would be on（【答案】A）（1995年24题）3、在含有before, after, as soon as

15、等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。4、过去完成时常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子倒装。例（1）No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. than B. when C. as D. while（答案为A）（1997年50题）例（2）Scarcely ha

16、d he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。(八)、一般将来时1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个讲座吗？3、be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。例：The Five-Ring Road is to be

17、 open to traffic before National Day. 五环路将在国庆节前通车。4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Shanghai tonight. 外宾今晚到达上海。1

18、.2.1 被动语态考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。另外，本书后面还附有常见不规则动词变化表，请同学们下功夫掌握熟练。一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。例（1）Because of many mistakes, she was made _ these letters again. A. type B. to typing C. typed D. to type（【答案】D）（2006年11月22题）例（2）The m

19、iddle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. came B. come C. to come D. have come（【答案】C）（2000年58题）二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。例（1）The children are well looked after.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。例（2）The doctor has been sent for.已经派人去请大夫了。三、情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。例（1）I ca

20、nt find the recorder in the room. It _ by somebody.A. must have taken B. may have taken C. may have been taken D. should have been taken（【答案】C）（2003年11月22题）此题考察的知识点比较综合。首先是被动语态，录音机被人拿走了。另外还考察了情态动词加完成式表示对过去事件的推测。我们再来看两个较为简单的例子。例（2）The work must be finished before lunch.这项工作必须在午饭前干完。例（3）Nothing can be

21、 seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。四、用主动表示被动的含义1need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）例（1）It is hot and dry; the flowers need _.A. being watered B. be watered C. to water D. to be watered（【答案】D）（2006年11月23题）例（2）：My room is a mess. It needs _.A. to be tidying up B. tidying up C. to tidy up D. tidied

22、 up（【答案】B）（2000年47题）2sell, wash, read, write, run 等动词带状语修饰时。例：This kind of clothes sells well. 这种衣服卖得很好。 The pen writes smoothly. 这只笔书写顺利。3主语 +sound(feel, look, smell, taste)+ 形容词例：The dish_ terrible! I dont like it at all. A. taste B. tasted C will taste D is tasted （【答案】C）（2005年11月19题）1.2.2 情态动词情态

23、动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法，尤其是与虚拟语气结合起来考察考生的掌握情况(参考下一节内容)。另外情态动词表推测也成为近年考察重点，须引起重视。一、must +完成时表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。例（1）Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it _ last night. A. must rain B. was rainingC. must have rained D. may rain （【答

24、案】C）（2004年11月35题）例（2）I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have had B. could have hadC. should have had D. must have had（答案为D）（2001年58题）例（3）Mr. Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have received B. must have failed to receiveC.

25、must receive D. must fail to receive（【答案】B）（1998年44题）补充：其他情态动词表推测的情况cant/ couldnt +现在时表示对现在情况的否定推测，跟完成时则表示对过去情况的否定推测。例She _ be ill because I saw her playing tennis just now. A. cant B. couldnt C. mustnt D. may not （【答案】A）（2005年11月20题）二、should（ought to）+完成时表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。例（

26、1）With all this work on hand, she _ to the dance party last night. A. oughtnt to go B. hadnt gone C. shouldnt have gone D. mustnt have gone（【答案】C）（2006年11月30题）例（2）You ought _ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.A. to report B. to have reportedC. to reporting D. have reported（【答案】B）（20

27、03年11月36题）例（3）Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier.A. had a telephone B. have phonedC. should have phoned D. should be phoned（【答案】C）（2000年26题）三、could/might +完成时表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。1、He could have joined us, but he didnt get our invitation in time.他本来能

28、够参加我们的，但是他没有及时收到我们的请贴。2、He might have given you more help ,but he was busy then. 他本来可以给你更多的帮助的，但他那时很忙。例He abandoned a career that_to his becoming one of the most influential people in the world. A. could have led B. would lead C. should have led D. must lead （【答案】A）（2005年11月33题）1.2配套练习1. You _ read

29、that article if you dont want to.A. havent B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt2. The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. came B. come C. to come D. have come3. “That car must have cost a lot of money.”“Oh, no, _.”A. it mustnt B. it hasnt C. it doesnt D. it didnt4. I

30、 _ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night.A. might fall B. must fallC. must have fallen D. can have fallen5. Im feeling sick. I _ so much chocolate.A. neednt have eaten B. couldnt have eaten C. mustnt have eaten D. shouldnt have eaten 6. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen_comfortably.A. is worn B. wearing C. wears D. are worn 7. Mr.Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replie