Fuel Economy.docx

1、Fuel EconomyFuel Economy of Indian Passenger Vehicles - Status of Technology and Potential FE ImprovementsPreparedbyDr. B. P. PundirProfessor, Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur pundiriitk.ac.inforGreenpeace India SocietyBanglore-560025November 2008ContentsAcknowledgements 3

2、0.0 Summary 41.0 Introduction 62.0 Fuel Economy Standards and Test Methods around the World 7- European Union- Japan- USA- Other countries- FE Test Methods- Comparison of Fuel Economy on Different Test Cycles 163.0 Engine and Vehicle Technology For Fuel Economy - Vehicle Power Requirement- Engine Te

3、chnology- Power Transmission Train- Hybrid Vehicles- Potential Fuel Economy Improvements of Technologies (US Study)4.0 Status of Technology of Indian Passenger Vehicles 30- Engine types- Gasoline cars- Diesel Cars and MUVs- Transmission Technology- Summary of Indian Passenger Vehicle Technology- IDI

4、 versus HSDI Diesel Engine Vehicles Projections on Fuel Savings as a Case Study5.0 Fuel Economy Norms for Indian Vehicles 356.0 Fuel Economy Improvement Technologies for Indian Vehicles 387.0 Findings and Conclusions 408.0 References 43Appendix AFuel Economy Technologies and Potential Fuel Economy 4

5、4Improvements based on Findings of US National Academy of SciencesAppendix - B Technology-wise Distribution of Indian Passenger Vehicle Models 45Appendix CProjections on Annual Diesel Fuel Savings Resulting from 49Phasing out of Production of IDI Passenger VehiclesAppendix DFuel Economy Data for Ind

6、ian Passenger Vehicles 51AcknowledgementsFinancial support was provided by the Greenpeace India Society for this study. Thanks are due to Mr. R. Soumyabrata of Greenpeace India and Mr. Manoj Sharma of IIT Kanpur for providing help in collection of technical data for Indian vehicles.0.0 SUMMARYVehicl

7、e fuel economy (FE) norms are being implemented world over to conserve energy and for reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. In the USA, fleet average FE standards were set beginning from the year 1978, but these remained stagnant after the year 1992 until the year 2005 when the standards for light

8、trucks were upgraded. The new standards for the light trucks are based on vehicle size defined in terms of footprint. The new US standards for cars are expected to be finalized soon. The European Union standards are based on fleet averaged carbon dioxide emissions while the Japan standards are based

9、 on vehicle weight. The EU has already set the standards applicable for the model year 2012 and Japan for the year 2015. The US and Japan standards are mandatory. The EU standards are voluntary in nature so far but become mandatory from the year 2012. Major fuel economy improvement technologies bein

10、g pursued and implemented on modern gasoline vehicles are; multi-valve engines with variable valve timing and lift, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines with stratified charge lean mixture or stoichiometric mixture, engine undersizing and turbocharging, and cylinder deactivation for 6- and 8-cyli

11、nder engines. In the diesel passenger vehicles, the IDI diesel engine has been phased out almost completely in Europe. It has been replaced by the high speed direct injection (HSDI) engine that has usually 4-valves/cylinder, employs common rail diesel injection (CRDI) system and is turbocharged with

12、 intercooling. Other new technologies like idle stop-start systems, integrated starter- generators are also being implemented. New component designs for reduction of engine friction are being developed and low friction lubricants are being used.Power transmission systems are using more number gears

13、going to 6- and 7-gear transmissions and continuously variable transmission (CVT) is expected to be used in large numbers on front wheel driven car models and single body light trucks. Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) is 30 to 50 % more fuel efficient than the conventional passenger vehicles. All major

14、 automotive companies like GM, Honda, Toyota etc., have introduced HEVs in medium to large size cars and SUV market segment.A study of technology used in the current production Indian passenger vehicles shows that;(a) Of the total passenger vehicle sales, the diesel vehicles constitute about 30%.(b)

15、 Nearly 70% percent of gasoline cars use 4- valves/cylinder. However, only a small fraction of cars i.e., about 11% uses variable valve timings/ lift. (c) A large percentage of diesel passenger vehicles (51%) are still powered by the IDI diesel engines.(d) Nearly 50% of diesel vehicles do not use tu

16、rbocharging.(e) Only about 30% of diesel engines use 4-valves/cylinder.(f) Common rail fuel injection system is employed in only 21 % of diesel passenger vehicles. (g) Most passenger vehicles numbering about 93 % employ manual transmission which provides a higher fuel economy compared to automatic t

17、ransmission. Also, nearly 78% vehicles use 5-gear transmission that gives higher FE than the 4-gear transmission. The 6-gear transmission is yet to penetrate the Indian market in significant numbers.(h) 81% of passenger cars already employ FWD which results in better fuel economy. No car yet however

18、, uses CVT.(i) Other technologies like idle stop-start, integrated starter- generator etc. are not yet implemented on Indian vehicles.(j) The GDI engines and HEVs are still to make presence in the Indian passenger vehicles.As an example, estimates on the fuel savings that could be achieved by phasin

19、g out of IDI diesel vehicle production and substituting it by the modern 4-valves per cylinder, turbocharged, HSDI engines with common rail injection were made. An annual saving of 173.9 kg per vehicle is estimated assuming the HSDI diesel to be 15% more efficient than the IDI diesel vehicles. If co

20、mplete switch over from IDI to HSDI diesel is made by the year 2010, then taking 10% annual rate of growth in diesel passenger vehicle production, this measure would result in fuel savings of about 57,300 tonnes during the year 2011. The annual diesel fuel savings would reach 358,600 tonnes in the y

21、ear 2015 and would continue to increase further. In India, mandatory FE norms would serve better than the fleet averaged norms. The norms may be based on the weight of vehicle as in Japan rather. Engine and vehicle technologies to achieve norms similar to Japan (year 2010 for gasoline vehicles and 2

22、005 for diesel vehicles) can be adopted within a short period as these norms were met by the majority of vehicles in Japan in the year 2002 itself. The engine and vehicle technologies that can be adopted on Indian passenger vehicles in a period of 2 to 3 years include, variable valve timing and lift

23、 on gasoline engines, HSDI in place of IDI diesel engine, multi- valve diesel engines, turbocharging and CRDI fuel injection, and idle stop-start. In the timeframe of 4 to 5 years, GDI engines, integrated starter-generator, CVT, 6- and 7- gear transmission on larger vehicles and HEVs can be introduc

24、ed. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONSale of passenger cars in India has grown at a relatively fast rate particularly since the year 2000 due to an increase in economic growth experienced in the country. Trends in the sales of passenger vehicles in India are shown in Fig. 1. During the period 2000-2007, the car sale

25、s have seen an annual growth of nearly 16 %. In the fiscal year 2007-08, the domestic sale of passenger vehicles that included passenger cars, utility vehicles and multi-purpose vehicles (MPV) stood at 1.548 million units. This combined with a high growth in the sales of motorcycles during the same

26、period, resulted in increase of gasoline (petrol) consumption from 6.61 million tonnes in 2000-01 to 10.33 million tonnes in 2007-08. The trends in gasoline and diesel consumption in the country are shown in Fig. 2. It must be noted that only about 57% of the total diesel fuel is consumed in road tr

27、ansport sector. A significant fraction of diesel demand is from railways, agricultural sector and for captive power generation. Figure1- Trends in annual sales of passenger vehicles in India (source: SIAM)Although compared to Europe and the USA, the number of cars on Indian roads and consumption of

28、petroleum fuels per capita is rather small, but in the interest of conservation of environment and energy resources in longer term, it is imperative that energy efficiency of all the appliances is maintained at a high level. We need to focus on establishing a mechanism that ensures efficient utiliza

29、tion of the transportation fuels. In Europe, Japan and several other countries, the vehicle fuel economy or the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide emission targets and standards have been notified and mandated 1-3. In this report, the fuel economy standards being implemented and proposed in the USA, Euro

30、pe, Japan and other countries are presented. Advancements in passenger car technology that have emerged in the last two decades or so for improving vehicle fuel economy are discussed. An overview of the current status of vehicle technology used on passenger cars in India is presented. The fuel econo

31、my targets or standards that can be set up in the near term and the vehicle technologies that may be required to attain these targets are discussed. Figure 2- Annual consumption of gasoline and diesel fuels in India.2.0 F UEL ECONOMY STANDARDS AND TEST METHODS AROUND THE WORLDThe vehicle fuel econom

32、y standards already in use and being formulated for future are discussed in this section. In this report, the standards and test procedures followed in the US, Europe and Japan are discussed as the standards and test procedures elsewhere are based on one of these standards. More details can be found in the References 1 to 5. 2.1 US Standards Two separate CAFE (corporate average fuel economy) standards for passenger vehi