1、GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版资料My Manhattan(5th) NotesDaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s75s2.做题步骤:理解原句,垂直阅读选项,split排除错误,放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法:主谓一致,平行,代词,修饰语,动词时态、语态和主被动,比较和习语二.语义:1.词的选择:(1)注意一词多义Economic-经济的; economical-节约的;合算的;有效的Aggravate-加重,恶化; aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as 被认为是,很著名; known to be-被承认;known forLoss
2、of 失去;loss in-贬值Mandate-命令;have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- (人)来自;native to 物种起源于Range of 多种的; ranging-变化Rate of 速度或频率; rates for 价格Rise-上升,无方向,单纯上升; raise-(打赌或工资)上涨,有方向Such as 比如; like-好像(举例只能用such as, 不能用like)Try to do 努力去完成; try doing 尝试去做Impale-刺穿;impel-逼迫(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变 (*s
3、hould 表“应该”,不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置:关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配:主谓一致,逻辑一致,make sense三.避免冗余:1. 在一个句子中,不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable-be able to; attempt-try;other than-opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;including-among; have torequire及
4、近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being、having,虽然二者大多数情况是错的,但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误,使得此类选项稍好一点。(being除了2种情况:1,介词being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done)3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复过去:previously; formerly; in the past; before now现在:now; currently; presently; at present;每年:annual; each year; a yearEG: OG12 unaccompanie
5、d是不好的表达,意思不如not accompanied 清晰;另外关于什么的增长,一般的用法是increase in sth,而不是increased sth四.关于简洁:1.简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点,只有在语法和意思都无误的情况,才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则)2.GMAT语法题中,如果一个词可以搞定的意思,不要用一个短语EG: differhave difference inCH3:主谓一致1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语;连词(because,although)开头的句子必须有主句2.主谓逻辑合理3.主谓单复数一致GMAC隐藏主语的方式:主谓之间插入大量词语(介短,前置后置短语,从
6、句,其它修饰语)。跳过以上可忽略的词语,找到句子结构(主谓),决定单复数1.and vs additive phrases(1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构,谓语动词要用复数。(2)其他连接性的词(along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including)虽然也表达“and”的意思,但是连接不同的名词,只是起修饰作用,不会改变主语的单复数,不影响谓语动词。e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.(3)一些表示学科的词(physics,
7、mathematics)、一些活动有氧运动(aerobics)和一些疾病糖尿病(diabetes)虽然以s结尾,仍属于单数名词,谓语动词用单数。注:有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词(如2所示)的单数主语,依然是单数主语。2.or,either.or,neither.nor(1)就近原则:离谓语动词近的是单数,谓语动词就用单数;复数就用复数EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.(2)若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor,则谓语动词一定要用单数3.集合
8、性名词一般用单数(看做一个整体,跟单数谓语)People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd (群众)orchestra(乐队), team Items: baggage, citrus(橙类), equipment(设备), fleet(舰队/小河), fruit, furniture(家具)e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. 4.不确定代词:一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything,
9、 no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,eitheror.;neithernor.*特殊情况,如果遇到“SANAM”需要根据后面的“OF的介宾短语”中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数*EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.其中,Any of;none of
10、:可能是单数或复数,not one 永远是单数e.g. Any of these women ISa suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.5.each vs every放在复数主语之前用复数,复数主语之后用单数EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.6.量词A number of +复数主语+复数谓语(a number of 可以看成是some/many)The nu
11、mber of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语half, majority, minority, plurality(多数)既可以是单数也可以是复数 根据其修饰的主语(of 后面的词)决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时,用复数。7.短语或者从句:用单数(1)-ing的短语做主语,用单数Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.(2)从句做主语,用单数Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.8.倒装:向后看EG: near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabit
12、ed by squatters.*定语从句内结构最好不用倒装OG 68: sth that be,当前面的sth做主语的时候, that be一般要省略,否则不符合英文表达习惯;另外,诸如evidence之类的词,后面要跟that从句。9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候,大多是单数。(当GMAT迷惑我们的时候,大都是单数)*小结:CH4 平行一.平行结构的标志词二.平行元素1.有时候be, can, to会被省略掉,多个平行时同省同留2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略,即使引导词一样 Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WH
13、ERE I pav low taxes.引导词也可以不一样,更要保留Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.3.引导词前面的词不可以省略,确保句子愿意完整Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.此句中“those”不能省略,否则改变句子愿意。但是“popular”可以省略。三
14、.And一般原则(逗号原则):A and B A ,B,and C A,B,C,and D当连接两个元素是独立句子时候,会用A,and BE.g.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.分层并列无论并列的元素有多少,同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似,词性相同!可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词,表示不同的层次。Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property AND THA
15、T it should therefore be shut down.四.一些要求平行的常见习语句子中的动词不都平行,很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势,表示伴随不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行,考虑逻辑意义和层级关系!五.系动词两边的成分要并列:表达的是“主语是什么/主语处于什么状态”把系动词看做平行标志,使主语和宾语平行Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.CH5 代词代词是GMAT中最常见的考点,每次见到代词都应检查指
16、代是否清晰正确,单复数是否一致。一.先行词必须存在注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格出现,这样的名词不能作为先行词名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastatingto it. It无指代对象,因为park在此处是形容词,真正的主语是park rangers。二.先行词和代词逻辑合理将代词换为先行词,该句子必须还是有意义,说的通EG: wrong:Although the term ”supercomputer
17、” may sound wonderful, it is simply an extremely mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.right: Although the term supercomputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.此处,it指代
18、就有问题,“term”不是机器,“term”指向机器,所以要用“refer to”三.代词和先行词单复数一致GMAT为了迷惑大家,会在主语和主句前面,加上从句,比如:along with/by,要找到真正的先行词。四.五大代词:it,its,they,them,their在句中出现需特别注意五.this,that,these,those1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔,必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用,而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。EG:New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers
19、 that give THESE MATERIALS strength,2.that或those表示先行词的new copy,避免重复。EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.但that和those所指代的New copy必须被修饰,即要说明与先行词有什么不同(spent by her children),否则不能裸奔3.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致(包括单复数),否则需要重复先行词。EG:Her company is outperforming tho
20、se of her competitors. 错,those与company单复数不一致,应将those替换为the companies.4.it和they或人称代词是完全指代:即指代先行词本身*one,that,those指代另外的事物或new copy六.代词的歧义1.每个代词都清楚指代一个先行词 特别是每个it和its,they,them和their在一个句子中必须指代一模一样的单数先行词 避免混淆:可以将其中一个代词用其他名词替代2.一个代词前有很多先行词:易歧义,优先看主语*特殊情况除外,最好不要选混淆指代的选项(如果遇见除了代词其他一模一样的选项,优先考虑重复名词的选项而不是代词表
21、示的选项,because super-safe3.格(1)代词主格可用做主语:I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who(2)代词宾格用作宾语:me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom(3)所有格:my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their(常考), theirs, whose*代词在句子主语的位置上,通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。*代词前有所有格,指代有争议。最好将所有格变为X of Y形式EG: Wrong: The board is inv
22、estigating several executives compensation packages in order todetermine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.Right: The board is invest
23、igating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.4.which,that 只能指代物,只有who, whom,those才能指代人CH6 修饰语一.形容词和副词1.形容词修饰名词或者代词;副词修饰除了名词和代词外,其余词均可修饰。2.GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构:形容词+形容词+名词:在此结构中,两个形容词均修饰名词副词+形容词+名词:在此结构中,副词修饰形容词,形
24、容词修饰名词EG: Wrong:James is Maxs supposedly Irish ancestor. Right:James is Maxs supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor,表明James可能是,也可能不是MAX的ancestor.EG: Maxs grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式,因为M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先,只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已,因此副词再次修饰形容词了。*常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: correspo
25、nding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.二.名词修饰语:修饰名词的词或词组,可以是形容词、介词短语,过去分词前置,不加逗号的现在分词,从句,同位语1.名词与其修饰语要相邻如果修饰语与其他名词相邻(而不是应该修饰的名词),那此修饰语是Misplaced Modifier。Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.此句修饰语
26、which cut through应该修饰road而不是house。所以,应该把road放到修饰语旁边。如果想修饰的名词根本不在句子里,那此修饰语是Dangling Modifier。要改正这个句子,我们要插入合理的名词来修饰。现在分词形式的放在句首的修饰语表动作,通常需要名词来使句子逻辑意义表达合理。*与名词修饰语不同,动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。然而,主语必须与动词修饰语在语义上搭配合理。2.为避免长修饰语修饰同一个名词,把两个长的修饰语放在名词一前一后会造成awkward或不正确。最常见的模式就是:修饰语,修饰语, 主谓宾必错而一种常见容易弄错的情形是:修饰语,主语+定语从句,谓
27、宾,这种是对的另外一种:修饰语,定语从句,主语,修饰语,谓语宾语,这种也对,但少见3.注意所有格形式,这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,要区分所修饰的内容指的是哪一个Wrong: Unskilled in complex math,Bills score on the exam was poor.Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.三.名词修饰与关系代词名词修饰语常常被关系代词引出:which that who whose whom where when关系代词有很多限制:1.who和whom只能
28、修饰人2. which 必须修饰物3. 在GAMT考试中,that不可以修饰人4. whose可以修饰人也可以修饰物5. where可以修饰地点(名词),但不能修饰“隐喻性”的“地方”Eg:where可以修饰:area,site,country or Nevada where不能修饰:condition,situation,case,circumstance,or arrangement 只能用in which6.when可以修饰事件(名词)和时间。When可以修饰:period, age, 1987,or decade.此时的when可以用in which代替。其他:1.Which 和Who
29、m 有时跟在介词后面:in which;for whom.2.That 和whom 可以省略当被修饰的名词是从句修饰的宾语时,Right: The movie (THAT) we watched last Fridaywas scary.*限定性&非限定性限定性:提供必要信息,关系亲密不可分割,修饰语和名词间无逗号非限定性:提供非必要信息,关系松散,可拿掉,修饰语和名词间有逗号四.动词修饰语修饰动词的修饰语,可用副词,介词短语,从属结构1.主从连词比如:because, although, if, unless, while, so that, while等,引导从句,不能单独组成一个完整的句
30、子,要附着在主语上。2.有些动词修饰语会同时修饰动词和动词的主语,这种情况要确保主语和修饰语放在一起逻辑意义合理。Eg. WHITLING Beat It”, I lifted the weight. 3.明确谁是动者Eg.Wrong: The weight was lifted to free my leg. 4.与名词修饰语不同,动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。五.which 和现在分词1.Which必须紧跟其修饰的名词,which不能修饰一个句子,which只能指代它前面的一个名词2.ing 形式做修饰语(1)做形容词,直接修饰名词(2)可以修饰主语和动词(3)可以修饰一个从句(此时
31、主句若转化为同义名词,这个名词可作为ing的主语),表示结果(4)ing 形式在主系表结构中,可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词(5)ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后,可以表示与谓语动词同时发生,表伴随,此时其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。CH7 动词时态,语态和语气一.时态1.一般时态一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时一般时常表达“永久”的状态或频繁的时间,或general rule2.进行时强调正在发生的动作:be动词+ing(1)现在进行时指示现在发生的事,不管句子里有没有“right now”这个词。相反,一般现在时只意味着事件(2)表示一般定义用一般现在时,不要用现在进行时(3)在GMAT考试中,不要用现在进行时表示未来的动作。这样的表达在口语中是可以的。这种情况用一般将来时。 (4)表示一般状态的动词不能用进行时态。这样的状态动词(state verbs)包括know或signify。 3.完成时(1)现在完成时表示一个行为发生在过去,但状态继续到现在
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