专门用途英语.docx

1、专门用途英语毕业论文范例专门用途英语类On Political Implication of Journalistic EnglishA Case Study on Reporting of Iraq War顾 方【Abstract】critical linguistics，also known as critical linguistics study or critical discourse analysis，is a branch of critical theory in the field of linguisticsIt aims at disclosing the relati

2、onship between language，power and ideology in perspectives of linguistics，sociology，psychology and journalismThis paper gives a general introduction of critical linguistics，its origin and methodology，and presents from four angles a brief critical analysis of newspaper articles on the reporting of “W

3、ar on Iraq”as an illustration，so as to unveil the political implication in them【Key Words】Critical Linguistics；War on Iraq；Categorization；Modality；Nominalization；Passivisation【摘要】批评语言学，即批评语言学研究或批评语篇分析，是批评理论在语言学范畴内的一个分支，主要着眼于从语言学、社会学、心理学和传播学的角度来揭示语言、权力和意识形态之间的关系。本文将概括地描述批评语言学的中心思想，其起源和方法论，并通过从分类、情态、名

4、物化、被动化四个角度对代表不同意识形态的新闻就伊拉克战争的报道做批评性分析，从而来比较其背后隐含的政治暗示。【关键词】批评语言学；伊拉克战争；分类；情态；名物化；被动化I. Introductory In human society，the viewpoints on a particular matter of different communities may differ thanks to their history，culture，and unique ways in treating thingsAs the carrier to convey thethoughts of hum

5、an beings，language may more or less contain ideological tendency of the speaker when referring to that particular matterIn the world bombarded by millions of information every day，if we want to get to our mind a certain event，we have to read through the reporting of different media with a good deal

6、of comparison and analysis on the implication of the wording，therefore to arrive at the truth of the event Critical linguistics refers to the study of the ideological nature of language and the ways in which language reflects the power structure in societyIt unveils from angles of linguistics，sociol

7、ogy，psychology and journalism the relationship between language，power and ideology，consisting of the effect of ideology on the developing of discourse，the counteraction of discourse on ideology，and how they stem from and serye social structure and power(辛斌，1996)It is the very effective instrument fo

8、r US to analyse discourse，news reports in particular，SO as to reach the comparative objectivity of the event War on Iraq in 2003 is not only famous for it being an unparalleled hitch war，but for the war of media with their widespread reportingIn order to penetrate through the disturbing information

9、to master the reality of this war，we audience have to adopt critical linguistics to treat the reportsThe paper is divided into 3 chaptersChapter 1 is to introduce briefly the emergence，its philosophical base of critical social theory and its linguistic base of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Systemic Fun

10、ctional Grammar of MAKHallidayChapter 2 is obserying from four aspects of Categorization，Modality，Nominalization and Passivisation the different features of media over War on Iraq，to reveal the political implication of journalistic EnglishIn Categorization，the paper pays special attention to the cla

11、ssification of the words used in two passages when describing the US，Saddam Regime and Iraqis；in Modality，the paper discusses from direct quotation，modal verbs and modal adjectives to explain further the political implication；in Nominalization，the paper analyzes through the nouns words that conceal

12、the agent and a vague expression Of numbers to disclose the ideological meanings；in Passivisation，several examples are chosen to compare the difference between passivisation structure and linking word structureChapter 3 will draw naturally to an conclusion of the importance of critical linguistics i

13、n assisting analyzing news reportsIICritical Linguistics：A Brief IntroductionAEmergence of Critical Linguistics The Mass Media Research Group of the University of Glasgow，UKpublished in 1 976 the result of so-called“bad news”in TV broadcasting，unveiling after systematic analysis the fact that there

14、were a good many biased reports on government and industrial capitalists in the industrial news broadcastingThis group also began the critical analysis on news reporting afterward，which，together with the previous one，led to the emergence of critical linguisticsIn 1979，Language and Control chief-edit

15、ed by Roger Fowler was published，in the last chapter of which Fowler and Kress for the first time put forward a brand new concept of “critical linguistics”，and manifested briefly its theoretical source of functional linguistics and analyzing instrumentsThis books editors and authors were Rogers coll

16、eagues in the University of East Anglia，who mainly focused on the research of the linguistic structure of the news and stressed linguistics base of the researchThe publication of Language and Control symbolized the first official appearance of critical linguistics(陈中竺，1995)The philosophical base of

17、the critical linguistics is the Marxism Theory of Frankfurt SchoolThe Critical Social Theory proposed by them insisted on opposing all kinds of ideology，maintaining that ideology dominates and controls the minds of people and therefore blocks the selfliberation of human beingsThey also argued that t

18、odays television and newspaper was the state machine of ideology，which was used for defense of the dominance and manipulation over human beings by the society，and it must be criticized owing to its very essence of constraining the false consciousness.Inspired by Critical Social that the language，the

19、 vehicle theory，critical linguistics also holds for ideological industry like TV and newspaper，serves the ideology as wellThus，we could criticize these media from the point of view of linguistics(陈中竺，1995) In early 1990s，the phrase Critical Linguistics is compiled into The Linguistics Encyclopedia，s

20、ymbolizing critical linguistics establishment as an important branch of linguisticsCritical linguistics became widely known by people since then，and several critical linguists appeared in Holland and AustralIn 199 1, when Routledge in London decided to publish The Linguistics Encyclopedia chief edit

21、ed by Kirsten Malmakjor，Fowler was invited to compile the part of critical linguistics，symbolizing the formal acknowledgement of critical linguistics in the linguistics field(辛斌，1 997) In the linguistic sphere，critical linguistics absorbs the ideas of Sapir-Whorl Hypothesis and the theory of MAKHall

22、idays Systemic Funetional Grfimmar Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf argued that peoples thoughts establish its connection with the outside world through language，but language is not a transparent medium for peoples communication；it helps to form and manipulate peoples experiences in the world by dist

23、orting the reality of itCentral to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the idea of linguistic relativity-that distinctions of meanings between related terms in a language are often arbitrary and particular to that languageSapir and Whorl took this one step further by arguing that a persons world view is l

24、argely determined by the vocabulary and syntax available in his or her language，which is known as linguistic determinism(陈中竺，1995) Systemic Functional Grammar of MAKHalliday is the source for the theory and methodology of critical linguistics of Roger FowlerHalliday argued that language is the syste

25、m network，o。meaning potential， consisting of several subsidiary systems that could be chosen by peopleIt is the social semantic function to be achieved that helps people to determine which form of linguistic system to choose in communicationCritical linguists adopts fully the view points of Halliday

26、，held that the form of language reflects its function：since language has different function，linguistics should be well divided to deal with difference jobs(陈中竺，995)BMajor Analyzing Tools of Critical LinguisticsCritical Discourse Analysis theory of 1 980s usually paid special attention to writers cho

27、ice in respects 0f categorization，modality and transitivity in a passage；whereas the critical linguists tended to expand the scope of language analysis to strengthen the objectivity and consistencyThey usually observe from the angles of Categorization，Modality，Nominalization，Passivisation to reveal

28、the ideological implication of journalistic English as a caseThis paper is to analyse the news reports of different media in the same method.IIIA Case Study on News Reporting of Iraq WarAIntroduction of Media Discussed in This Case StudyThe news reporting of War against Iraq is another battlefieldOw

29、ing to the divergence in ideology，the transatlantic divide on the war is clearly mirrored by a transatlantic divide on the mediaTo reveal the political implications in the news on a more real basis，this paper chooses reports from media of non-belligerent nationsThe reports could be classified into t

30、wo sides that differ utterly：the Western side The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney，Australia)and A1Quds alAm (London，England)，the other side Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo，Egypt)，Rzeczposlita (Warsaw，Poland)，Dawn (Karachi，Pakistan)and Peoples Daily (Beijing，China. Through the analysis of the wording in the new

31、s，we could deepen our understandings of the reporting of War on Iraq by seeing through the medias political tendencyBAnalysis of Different Viewpoints of Media and its Political Implication in Four Perspectives (1)Categorization Halliday maintains that ideational function is one of the meta-functions

32、 of the language，“an expression of peoples experience of the reality”(张延续，1 998)Categorization(or classification)is one of the ways to embody the ideational function of language，referring to the cognition and classification of the outer world through language(陈中竺，1995) Categorization refers to language bringing order to the outside worldThe categorization system of the discourse usually refers to the naming and portraying of events and people，which is mainly achieved by the choice of words(辛斌，1997)But language is never an objective tool fo