机械毕业设计英文外文翻译595专用汽车的发展状况.docx

1、机械毕业设计英文外文翻译595专用汽车的发展状况附 录1专用汽车的发展状况 国外专用汽车产品的发展趋势专用汽车重型化趋势 近年来，国外专用汽车的产量明显以重型居多，其原因主要是重型专用汽车经济效益好喝重型车功率大、强度高、有中、小型专用车无法替代的优点。随着物流的庞大和公路的高级化，以及特殊作业的需要，重型专用汽车在国外得到迅速发展。如德国的散装水泥车吨位均在15t以上；比例时莫尔公司今年花费相当大的人力、物力从事5070t的大型挂车用牵引车的研究和生产。比例时的大型粉罐车也已进行系列化生产，装载容积为3060m。散装水泥车的系列化趋势 为了提高散装水泥车的卸料能力，国外进行了卓有成效的流态化

2、元件研究，使卸料速度达到1.51.8t/min（国产散装水汽车现行指标是1.01.3m/min），为提高远距离散运经济效益，散装水泥车的列车化正在成为今后的发展趋势。据报道，澳大利亚的公路运输已普遍使用拖带双节挂车、甚至三节挂车的汽车列车。1994年，澳大利亚一家挂车制造厂使用麦克（MACK）84牵引车，拖挂29节挂车，列车总长429m，有效质量500t，发动机功率3657kW，每节挂车均为三轴式，双轴结构前转向架和三联式后轴。 一车多用化的趋势 为提高专用汽车的适应性，以满足各种特殊需要，有趋势表明国外正在谋求专用汽车的一车多用化，使专用车功能由单一向多功能发展，如1990年如本昭和飞机公司

3、退出了多用途厢式专用汽车，该车车厢为二重结构设计，装备了散装货物用的传送带，既能一般货运又可运输散装物料。专用底盘专业化趋势 日本丰田等大汽车公司的专用的盘均已实现系列化、专业化生产。近年来，国外不少汽车厂专门从事专用汽车底盘生产，尤其重视专用底盘的系列化专业化生产、满足专用车的特殊需要。 我国专用汽车的发展趋势集团化发展趋势明显 80年代初期开始，汽车行业经历了“六五”、“七五”十年发展已基本形成“三大、三小、两微”、“四轻、二中、三重”基本型汽车生产基地的格局，由分散走向集中、联合、集团化。专用汽车产品正向调整生产组织结构和产品结构、向规模化趋势发展，专用汽车的生产集中度增加 从1992年

4、的专用汽车产量看，主机厂生产的专用汽车占专用汽车产量的53%，已超出一半，另一半是由五六百家专用车厂生产，生产集中度明显增加。从另外一方面看，生产分散仍较突出，据初步统计，全国生产自卸车的厂家130个，但绝大多数厂家产量均在200辆以下。以青岛专用汽车厂为例，该厂从日本引进技术生产自卸车的举升缸、液压元件等专用装置，自卸车年产能力已达3000辆，但每年只能生产8001000辆，形成“吃不饱”的局面。由此看出，调整组织专用汽车的生产规模也是一个很大的趋势。国内外专用汽车产品的发展趋势重型化 国外在运输和各作业领域使用的专用汽车明显以重型居多。这是因为重型车经济效益好、功率大有利于综合利用。重型化

5、趋势直接依赖于国民经济发展得需要，基础工业建设的需要。油田开发建设、矿山开发建设、电站和水利建设等都需新增重型专用汽车；交通运输建设发展、如高速公路建设和投入使用，都需要重型半挂、集装箱运输专用汽车的发展。目前世界上有20多个国家生产总重15t以上的重型汽车，年产达60多万辆，其中重型专用汽车占重型汽车产量的70%以上。重型车的发展，在很大程度上取决于重型专用汽车的发展。目前我国重型专用汽车生产厂家有80多个，都没有形成较大批量生产。我国的专用汽车占全国载货汽车保有量和年产量的比例不到15%，而重型专用汽车年产量尚不到专用汽车年产量的10%。与发达国家相比较差距很大，关键是目前我国尚缺乏较高水

6、平和质量的重型专用汽车底盘。可见，重型专用汽车的开发生产，无论在品种上或批量上都具有广阔的发展前景。轻型化 我国的专用汽车过去一直是以中型为主，现在的趋势一是往“大”走，如上所述，大型适于公路运输；二是往“小”走，小型适用于走街串巷。随着国民经济的发展，城市需要大量的生活用车、环卫用车、医疗用车、市政用车等各种轻型专用汽车。 客厢式乘用车和各种轻型专用车，已成为轻型车市场的组成部分。68座的轻型车以及“MVP”轻轿，可适用于公务用车及大中城市出租车；1420座乘用车，适用于城市公交“中巴”和城郊短途客运，特别是乡镇企业发展，农村、县城对轻型客车的需求量在不断增长；旅游事业的的发展，需要开发生产

7、高档豪华轻型客车，根据我国的具体情况，尤其是2030座中档轻型客车的生产开发。专用车的轿车化趋势也在悄悄兴起。上海申联专用汽车公司利用上海牌轿车改装轿车客货两用车也批量生产；一汽集团利用奥迪轿车的车身，装在轻型车“Pick-up”底盘上，改装成奥迪“轿卡”将批量投入市场。 “四高”化 专用汽车在适应市场发展需求的同时，随着材料的发展和进步，在不断提高专用汽车产品的档次。开发生产“四高”化（高水平、高技术、高质量、高附加值）的专用汽车，以满足国民经济发展得需求，替代进口，使专用汽车产品的出口具有一定的竞争力。目前，高速公路运输车、高速公路专用服务车、装载20m以上的飞机加油车、机场专用运输车、城

8、市建设专用汽车、高层建筑消防车、散装颗粒物料运输车、沙漠油田特种运输车、高空、技术、高水平下作业特种曲臂作业车，以及超重、超大货物运输专用汽车等，众多国家经济发展急需的高技术、高水平、高质量、高附加值的专用汽车新产品急待开发生产。附 录2SPECIAL VEHCLE DEVELEPMENTSForeign specialized automobile products development trend special automobile ChongXingHua trend in recent years, the foreign specialized automobile yield

9、significantly in heavy majority, the main reason is heavy special-purpose automobile economic benefit tastiness heavy vehicle power, high strength, medium and small irreplaceable special advantages. With logistics huge and highways, and special activity high-level needs, heavy special-purpose automo

10、bile in foreign rapid development. Such as German car tonnage in bulk cement 15t above all, When scale Moore companies spend quite a big this year manpower and material resources in 50 70t large trailer with tractor in the research and production. When scale of large powder tanker also have conducte

11、d a series production, load capacity is 30 60m. bulk cement car serialization trend in order to improve the bulk cement car of unloading capacity, foreign conducted fruitful fluidized device research, make the unloading speed reached 1.5 1.8 t/min (china-made bulk water car current index is 1.0 1.3

12、m/min), in order to improve economic efficiency, long-distance scattered shipped bulk cement car train change is become the future developing trend. According to reports, Australias highway transportation already widespread use towage double festival trailer, even three trailer car trains. In 1994,

13、an Australian trailer manufacturers use mike (MACK) 8 x 4 tractor, dragging hang 29 knots six-wheelers, train presidents, effective quality 429m 500t, engine power 3657kW, each section trailer will be three shaft type, multi-axial structure before bogie and sanlian type rear axle. a car for improvin

14、g the multi-purpose trend of specialized automobile adaptability, to meet various special needs, theres a trend that foreign currently seeking a special automobile, exclusive of car multi-purpose function by a single multi-functional development, such as 1990 if the zhao and aircraft company withdre

15、w from multi-purpose van, special vehicle, the car compartment for double structure design, equipment for bulk cargo with the conveyor belt, already can general freight transport bulk material and. special chassis specialized tendency Japan Toyota and other large car company dedicated disks are alre

16、ady realize seriation, specialized production. In recent years, the foreign many car factory specializes in special-purpose automobile chassis production, especially attention special chassis serialization of specialized production, meet a. special needs. Our special automobile development trend col

17、lectivization development tendency obvious in the early 1980s began, auto industry has experienced June, the seventh decade development has basically formed three, jumps, two tiny , four light, no.2, triple basic auto production base pattern, from scattered toward concentration, joint, collectivize.

18、 special-purpose automobile products positive adjusting production organization structure and product structure, into a large-scale trends, special vehicle production concentration increases from 1992 the special-purpose automobile yield look, shock-resistant production of specialized automobile acc

19、ounted for special automobile yield 53%, already exceeded half and half by five or six hundred special depot production, production concentration increased obviously. On the other hand, producing scattered was still prominent, according to preliminary statistics, the national production equipments f

20、actory 130, but most are in 200 car manufacturer production below. Special car factory in Qingdao as an example, the factory production equipments imported from Japan technology of lifting cylinder, hydraulic components, and other special device, mov annual ability has reached 3,000 car, but each ye

21、ar can produce 800 1000 cars, form do not have enough to eat aspect. From that, the adjustment of the organization specialized automobile production scale is also a big trend. At home and abroad the development trend of specialized automobile products Heavy change abroad in transportation and each h

22、omework fields use of specialized automobile obvious in heavy shower. This is because the heavy trucks good economic returns, large power to comprehensive utilization. Heavy change trend directly depend on the economic development, need peaked based industrial construction needs. Oilfield developmen

23、t and construction, mining construction, power stations and construction of water conservancy etc are required to add heavy special automobile, Transportation construction development, such as highway construction and put into use, the need for heavy half hanged, container transportation special-pur

24、pose automobile development. Of the worlds total weight more than 20 countries production 15t more heavy vehicles, with an annual output of more than 60 million vehicles, including heavy special-purpose automobile accounted for 70% of the heavy duty truck production. Heavy vehicle development, depen

25、ds largely on the development of heavy special-purpose automobile. At present our country heavy special-purpose automobile manufacturers have more than 80, all failed to form a large quantities. Chinas special automobile accounts for the bills of auto possession and annual output is less than 15%, a

26、nd the proportion of specialized automobile annual output is less than heavy duty 10% of specialized automobile production. Compared with the developed countries, the key difference is at present our country lacking higher level and quality of heavy special automobile chassis. Visible, heavy special

27、 automobile, no matter in the development and production of varieties or batch of broad development prospects. light-duty our special vehicle in the past has been centered on the medium is given priority to, now the trend is to big go, as described above, large suitable for highway transportation, 2

28、 it is to small go, small applies to ZouJieChuanHang. With the development of national economy, city life requires a lot of transport and transport, medical treatment sanitation transport and municipal transport etc. Various light special vehicle. 6 8 seats in small and MVP QingJiao, can be applied

29、to public transport and medium cities taxi, 14 20 seats passenger cars, suitable for urban transit sino-pakistani and suburban shortrange passenger, especially the development of township enterprises, rural, counties of light bus in a growing demand, Tourism development, the need to develop manufact

30、ure deluxe light buses, according to the specific situations of China, especially the 20 30 seats midrange light bus production development. A cars tendency in silently rise. Shanghai plant special-purpose automobile companies use ShangHaiPai car modified car station wagon also batch production. Faw

31、 group using audi car body, packed in small Pick - up chassis, converted into a audi sedan chair card will batch in market. four high of specialized automobile in adapt to market development needs of material at the same time, along with the development and progress of specialized automobile, contin

32、uously improve the grade of the product. Development and production of four high change (high level and high technology, high quality and high added value) of the special automobile, in order to satisfy national economy development to demand, import substitute, make special automobile products in the export has certain competitive power. At present, the highway transport vehicles and highway special designed, loading peg20m above refuel aircraft car, airport special truck, urban construction special automobile, high-rise building fire truck, bulk grain mat