定语从句精讲珍藏版.docx

1、定语从句精讲珍藏版定语从句定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。e.g.Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.汤姆是一个用功的学生，他在班里总是第一名。(修饰名词student。)Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.80多个国家都在踢足

2、球，因此足球很流行。(修饰整个主句Football is played over 80 countries。)1先行词与关系词（1）什么是先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。可以这样理解，之所以称它为先行词，是因为先行词总是出现在定语从句之前，而不同于普通形容词修饰名词，形容词常位于名词之前。e.g.Dont forget the book that I told you to bring.别忘了我让你带的书。(the book为先行词。)（2）先行词与关系词的关系：引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语

3、、表语、定语等，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层：即主句层(第一层)，定语从句层(第二层)。特别提示：关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。在定语从句中，关系代词起着代词和连词的作用，关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。在定语从句中，关系词代替先行词，因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。下面的句子是错误的：This is the right book that you are looking for the book.(应去掉the book。)This is the right book that you are lookin

4、g for it.(应去掉it。)关系词的种类常见的关系代词指代对象代指人代指物既可指人也可指物主格who, thatwhich, that, asthat宾格whom, that所有格whosewhosee.g.Our chemistry teacher is a man who/ that can make his class lovely and interesting.我们的化学老师可以使他的课堂生动有趣。(主格who/ that在定语从句中作主语，代指人a man。)Mr. White invited many friends to his party whom/who/that h

5、e respected much.怀特先生邀请了很多他十分尊敬的朋友来参加他的宴会。(宾格whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作respected的宾格，代指many friends。)常见的关系副词指代对象先行词关系副词及相应介词结构时间时间先行词：day, year, date, timewhen, during which time地点地点先行词：the place, the city, Beijingwhere, in which, from which原因原因先行词：the reasonwhy, that, for whiche.g.Make marks in places w

6、here you have questions.在你有问题的地方做出标记。(where为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。)I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。(when为关系副词，在定语从句中作时间状语。)特点提示：选择关系代词三步骤：步骤一：首先找出先行词。e.g.The hook that/ which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。(the book是先行词，指物。)步骤二：确

7、定先行词在从句中所作的成分。先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语，因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。步骤三：确定关系代词的人称和数。在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数，如果关系代词作主语，则从句的谓语动词相应用单数。2限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词关系的紧密程度，将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 1.限制性定语从句： 限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词间的关系非常密切，它所修饰的先行词代表一个(些)或一类特写的人或物，说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，如果去掉，则意思含混不清。例如： Adoct

8、orisapersonwholooksafterpeopleshealth.医生就是照顾人们身体健康的人。 (who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词theman。who在从句中作主语。) 注意：如果去掉wholooksafterpeopleshealth.就成了Adoctorisaperson.（医生是人）完全失去了原句的意义。 2.非限制性定语从句： 非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少了也不会影响对全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而是根据句意翻译成两个并列的句子。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系那么紧密，只是对先行词作些附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。在非限制性定

9、语从句的前面往往有逗号与主句隔开，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号。例如： Yesterday,JimmyleftforCanada,wherehehadstayedtwoyears. 昨天，吉米动身到加拿大去了，他曾在那儿呆了两年。 (where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Canada。) 注意：如果去掉了非限制性定语从句，主句的意思“吉米动身去了加拿大”仍然清楚，不会影响理解。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示：指代对象代指人代指物主格whowhich, aswhich, of which, whose宾格whom, of wh

10、om所有格whom, of whom, whose引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词主要有：when, where。运用非限制性定语从句的情况1）当关系代词指代整个主句内容时，用非限制性定语从句。e.g.She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了这项工作，我对此深感怀疑。(which在从句作宾语，代指整个主句。)注意：关系代词that，关系副词why不可引导非限制性定语从句。2）当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时，用非限制性定语从句。e.g.We all honour and respec

11、t Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world.我们都尊重这位伟大的物理学家阿尔伯特爱因斯坦。(who在定语从句作主语。)The moon, which is 384 400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.月球，这个离地球384 400千米远的球体，给人们留下了很多美好的故事。(which在定语从句中作主语。)3）先行词指的是某人的一个亲属(son, daughter, father, mother, wife等)时。e.g

12、.My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.我爸爸是一名出色的小提琴手，他正准备去加拿大演出。4）当出现some/ many/few/a few/little/much/most/two of which(whom)等结构时，常用非限制性定语从句。e.g.I have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.我有三个外籍教师，其中两个来自加拿大。（3）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性

13、定语从句在结构、用法及意义上差别很大。其区别如下表所示：用法比较：限制性定语从句e.g.In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。(本句表达的意思是，我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师，还有不是来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。)非限制性定语从句e.g.In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.我们学校共有8位外籍教师，他们全来自澳大利亚。(本句表达的意思是，我们学

14、校共有8位外籍教师，他们全来自澳大利亚。)3关系代词的用法常用关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词主要起三种作用：代替先行词、在定语从句中作成分、连接先行词与定语从句。e.g.This is an old computer. It works much slower.这是一台旧电脑。它工作起来速度较慢。(普通代词it代替an old computer。)This is an old computer which/that works much slower.这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。

15、(关系代词which/ that代替an old computer。)Those()shall be punished.Those break the rules.Those who break the rules shall be punished.违反制度的人将会受到处罚。(who是关系代词，在定语从句中代替先行词those，同时作从句的主语，也起连接词的作用，把两个简单句连接起来。)（1）who/whom的用法二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句只作宾语。e.g.In this earthquake, the number of people who los

16、t lives reached as many as 250 000.在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250 000。(who在定语从句中作主语。)I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.我有很多需寄贺卡给他们的朋友。(whom在定语从句作介词to的宾语。)注意：在现代英语中，定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom也可用who代替，但who不用于介词后。在非限制性定语从句中，whom不可用who代替。（2）whose的用法：whose一般指人，但有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。e.g.Youre the only one whos

17、e advice he might listen to.只有你的建议他可能会听。(whose在定语从句中作advice的定语。)Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个通过窗户可以俯看大海的房间。(whose在从句中作window的定语。)（3）which的用法：which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，偶尔作定语。which在指人时往往指婴儿或指人的品质。e.g.The river which runs through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure

18、.穿过市中心的那条河给人们带来很多欢乐。(which在从句中作主语。)They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drunk all the wine I had.他们和我一起呆了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。(which在从句中作定语修饰time。)（4）that的用法that指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前，若提前需要用which或whom等词代替。e.g.The picture (that) we are studying was dr

19、awn by a fifteen-year-old student.我们正看的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。(that在从句中作宾语)Who is it that won the first prize in the latest National Maths Competition?谁在最近的国家数学竞赛中获得了第一名?(that在从句中主语)注意：第二个句子中由于定语从句太长，主句太短，所以把定语从句放在了句尾，以保持全句的平衡。（5）as的用法先行词有the same, such, as, so等修饰时，关系代词常用as。as在从句中既可指人、物，也可指整个句子。置于主句句尾的从句as引

20、导定语从句时，在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语等，该定语从句可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。e.g.Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。(as在定语从句中作主语)You can take as many as you need.你可以根据需要尽量拿。(as作从句中need的宾语)Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everybody knows.莎士比亚是著名的作家，这众人皆知。(a

21、s作knows的宾语)Lets meet at the same place as we did yesterday.咱们在昨天见面的同一地方见面吧。(as在定语从句中作状语)置于句首的从句as引导的这种从句如若置于句首时，多为非限制性定语从句。e.g.As everybody knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。有时，as引导的从句可以放于主语与谓语之间。因此上句可改为：Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a famous writer.常用必背：as引导的定语从句通常有固定的译法

22、。as we all know大家都知道as I can remember正如我所记得的as often happens这经常发生as we expect正如我们预料的那样as you see这一点你明白as has been said before如前所述as is well known众所周知as was expected正如预料的那样as is expected正如预料的那样as can be seen看得出来as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样（6）关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下

23、可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。在限制性定语从句中，能够省略关系代词的情况主要有：当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时。e.g.I have been to the city twice (that/which) you just visited.你刚参观完的那座城市，我去过两次。关系代词在从句中作表语时。e.g.After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/that) he used to be.二十年后，约翰逊不再是当年那个淘气的男孩子了。关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词不在关系代词之前时。e.

24、g.Generation gap is a problem (which/that) people are interested in.代沟是人们感兴趣的问题。主句以there be开头时。很多时候关系代词可以省略，即使关系代词在从句中作主语。e.g.There is a mistake in your composition (which) wants correcting.你的作文里有一个错误需要改正。4关系副词的用法常用的关系副词有where, when, why, that等。这些关系副词在定语从句中作状语。（1）where的用法：在定语从句中作地点状语，指代地点。此时常可用in wh

25、ich, on which. at which, to which等结构代替。e.g.Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.(=Potato can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.)有些太冷不能种稻米的地方，可以种马铃薯。（2）when的用法：在定语从句中作时间状语，往往代指时间。此时常可用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。e.g.I shall never forg

26、et the days when we worked on the farm.(=I shall never forget the days on which we worked on the farm.)我永远也不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那些日子。（3）why的用法：why在定语从句中作原因状语。可以用for which代替。why不可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。e.g.I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因。(why在从

27、句作原因状语。)（4）that的用法在表明方式、时间或地点的先行词后面，常用that来代替in which，when或where，that也可省去。that在句中不作任何成分，只起到引导定语从句的作用，修饰的先行词常为the way, the time, the day, the place等，此时也可换为其他相应的关系副词。表示方式时。that(=in which)常省略。此时不能用how引导定语从句，但把the way去掉之后。可直接用how引导方式状语。e.g.Can you work out a way (that/ in which) we can solve this proble

28、m?你能找出一种我们可以解决这个问题的方法吗?(that在定语从句中不作成分。)表示地点时，that(=where=介词which)也可省略。e.g.I have never been to the places(that/ where/ in which) the Indians live.我从未到过那些印第安人居住的地方。(that在定语从句中不作成分。)表示时间时，that(=when=介词which)也可省略。e.g.I still remember the days (that/ when /on which) I helped my father on the farm.我仍然记得

29、在农场上给我爸爸帮忙的日子。(that在定语从句不作成分。)另外，关系副词that有时还可用来代替关系副词why，表示原因。e.g.The reason that (=why)he lost his life was lack of medical care.他的死是由于缺乏医疗护理。特别提示：在下面这个句子中，不能用why，只能用which或that。I dont want to hear any reason (that/ which) you might give.我不想听你给出的任何理由。(在这个定语从句中，that/ which作定语从句中谓语动词give的宾语。)（5）关系副词的省

30、略在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。如the time, every time, each time, the moment等。e.g.By the time (when) he was fourteen years old Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself. 到十四岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。Do you still remember the day(when) we first met?你仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天吗?在某些句子中表示地点的名词后关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。e

31、.g.Thats the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris.这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方。This is the place (where) we met years ago.这就是多年前我们见面的地方。先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。e.g.Thats the reason (why) I asked you to come.这就是我叫你来的原因。The reason (why) he did that is quite clear.他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。e.g.I appreciate the way (that) you teach us.我非常喜欢你教我们的方式。5定语