第2节常见的译词法DOC.docx

1、第2节常见的译词法DOC第二节 常见的译词法（一）推演法 根据英语词典的原文解释推演出汉语词义。如： Equilateral (adj.): having all sides or faces equal; detente(n.) : a relaxation of strained relations or tensions(as between nations) community: a social group or class having common interests.business community legal communityacademic community dip

2、lomatic communityTurkish community foreign community the indigenous community Sarah communityShia community（二）移植法- 即直译法。如： microwave 微波 right-wing 右翼 outparty 在野党 petroldollar石油美元（三）引申法- 为适应译文表意或行文的需要，对原文词义进行延续或扩展。 A类：词义从具体引向抽象，从特殊引向一般，从局部引向概括，从实引向虚。（1） There were times when emigration bottleneck wa

3、s extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.Bottleneck 的原义是“瓶颈、交通狭口”，引申为“限制”；Preference的原义是“偏爱”，引申为“考虑”。译为：过去有过这种情况：移民限制极为严格，不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。（2） Brain drain has been Egypts Number One concern, as a matter of fact it has become an epidemic in that are

4、a of the world.Brain的原义是“头脑”，引申为“人才”； concern的原义是“关心的事”，引申为“问题”。Epidemic的原义是“流行病”，引申为“很普遍的严重问题”。译为：人才外流不仅是埃及的首要问题，而且是世界那一地区很普遍的严重问题。（3） Their life style could seem Spartan to a city family with their assets.Spartan 指“古希腊斯巴达人的”，引申为“严朴”。译为：他们的生活方式对城市里的殷实人家来说，似乎过于严朴。（4） Now you can meet good Samaritans

5、 again, here, there and everywhere. Samaritans源出圣经，指乐善好施者，引申为“乐于助人者”。 译为：现在你又可以处处见到乐于助人的人了。 B类：词义从抽象引向具体，从一般引向特殊，从概括引向局部，从虚引向实。 （1）When we go on a Sunday outing, it is to do Musee du Louvre.Do 被引申为“逛”，从一般引向特殊。译文：如果星期天出门，我们就逛罗浮宫。（2）The Democratic Party is the party of longest continuous existence.Exi

6、stence（存在）引申为“党史”。译文：民主党则是党史最长、其间又从未中断过的一个政党。（3）Saudi Arabia has had problems with Iraq and South Yemen, but he tried hard to remain in touch with leaders of both states.Problems(问题)引申为“纠葛”。译文：沙特阿拉伯与伊拉克和南也门之间早有纠葛，但他仍竭尽全力与两国领导人保持接触。（4）He is a valuable acquisition to the team.Acquisition(获得、获得物)。译文：他是

7、该球队不可多得的新队员。（5）There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness.Everydayness(日常性)，引申为“柴米油盐”。 译文：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题 ，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。引申词义必须紧扣原文的词典意义，使引申词义与原文词义“若即若离”，即“形相离而神即”，不可随意发挥。作业：1. Every life has its roses and thorns(刺).2. The car

8、 in front of me stopped and I missed the green. 3.There was no provocation(激怒、刺激) for such an angry letter,4.Fattys Restaurant had become an institution（熟悉的事物） in his life in the last seven years.5.The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition（问题）.6The

9、 wedding, which Mike still remembered with pride, was attended by a Whos Who of Boston Society.7.The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era- The Industrial Age. Money had become King.（四）替代法- 即使用同义词、近义词来代替原词，以化除汉语行文上的阻滞，其效果是“一词之易，全句生辉”。替代法有三种形式。1.为调整搭配或呼应而进行“替代”，如：The carp origin

10、ates in Africa and has been transplanted to beds of waters of Chinas inland provinces.汉译：那种鲫鱼发源于非洲（最早在非洲繁殖），现在已在中国内地几省的水乡移植（接种成活）。2.用成语替代汉语中成语极其丰富，成语使用得当可使行文生辉，获得更好的修辞效果。英语词语（形)汉语一般词语汉语成语1. lively2. irrelevant3. powerless4. buoyant5. identical6. helpless7.hypercritical生动的无关的无能力的轻快的相同的无帮助的极苛刻的栩栩如生的风马

11、牛不相及的无能为力的喜气洋洋的千篇一律的无可奈何的吹毛求疵的成语往往带有某种色彩（如褒贬、讥讽等）。The function of the agency is still something mystical, though the building housing is tangible.尽管那栋房子触手可及，这个机构是干什么的，现在仍然讳莫如深。3.以反替正和以正替反 即将含有否定词义的词译成肯定式，将具有肯定词义的词译成否定式。如： 肯定（正说词） 否定（反说词） hyperactive 过于活跃的 不安职守 confused 混乱的 不甚了然 loathe 厌恶 不乐意（干某事） ex

12、traordinary 特别的 非同小可的 dumb-bell 笨蛋 不开窍的（人）fail 失败 没做成（某事） complain 发牢骚 不满意 否定（反说词） 肯定（正说词） illiterate 不识字的人 文盲 incomplete 不完全的 残缺的 infrequent 不经常的 偶尔为之的 unasked 未经邀请的 自告奋勇的 disaffection 不忠 贰心infelicitous 无缘分的 阴差阳错的nonreader 不能阅读的人 睁眼瞎 在大多数情况下，正反、反正之易并非必需，但在有些句子中是必需的。1. Please withhold the handout fo

13、r the time being.请暂时不要发这些材料。2. The same is not true of a mortal illness. 如果是得了不治之症，情况就不一样了。3. That thermometer must be lying. 这个温度计一定不准。4. He was indeed a good riddance. 他还是不在的好。5. The ancient battlefield has become something holy. It was almost untouched. 古战场成了圣地，它几乎保持着当年的风貌。6. I am not insincere a

14、bout it. 我是真心诚意的。7. That is only a marginal agreement. 那只不过是一个无关宏旨的协议。作业：正说反译1.Hes too much of a coward to do that. 2 This house is more like a school than a church.3.You should know better than to play football in the classroom.4. Shed die of hunger before she would steal.5.许多伟大的学者对日常事务缺乏经验，这种情况常见。

15、 反说正译6. I have brought back your man - not without risk and danger. 7. No one can read the story without being moved to tears.8. Americans dont speak English without slang.9. You cannot be too careful. 10.他不至于愚蠢得竟然在期末考试上作弊。（五）释义法：适应于找不到汉语对应词又无法将原词加以引申、替代或直译移植时。以释义法析出的词义不是推演的结论，而是对原词义的阐释，即灵活变通地译出英语词典

16、的原义。A.释义法可以解决无汉语对应词的矛盾。1. Nancy Seaver was a fixture at Mets games in her school days.Fixture: one long established in a place, position, or function. 译：南西斯弗尔在学生时代就是麦兹队比赛时场场必到的球迷之一。2. Pommier refused to take on so many dilutees at one time.庞米尔拒绝一次雇佣这么多非熟练工人来顶替熟练工人的建议。3. Teachers are always complaini

17、ng that monitors are not as helpful as they used to be as a result of peer pressure.教师们一直在抱怨说，那些品学兼优可以帮老师维持班级秩序、辅导低年级同学的学生也不如以前那么得力了。这是由于他们受到同伙的压力。B. 释义法可以使抽象名词具体化。mindlessness思想上的混沌状态 nostalgia怀旧情绪togetherness不分彼此的集体感 precaution预防措施oneness 融为一体的状态 magnetization磁化现象rudeness 粗鲁态度 mercurality易变的特性C. 释

18、义法还可以对某些英语词的背景或特殊涵义加以必要的阐释。 （1）只译出涵义，不译出专有名词本身,如：Waterloo惨败（滑铁卢），The Superstars Waterloo超级明星的惨败（2）既将专有名词音译，又将涵义注释于后，如：Malthusianism马尔萨斯人口论Sapphic（古希腊抒情女诗人）萨福诗体的hamburger汉堡包(3)音译全名，对涵义加以最简略的注释，如：Byzantine拜占庭式，a Byzantine building拜占庭式的建筑Rococo洛可可式，a rococo piece of art洛可可式的艺术品六准确掌握词义的褒贬涵义1.英语有些词的词义有褒贬

19、色彩，如：average 一般的（中） antique古色古香的（褒）mediocre平庸的（贬） old-fashioned过时的（贬） antiquated已废弃的(贬)slender苗条的（褒） senior长者（褒）thin瘦削的（贬） elder上年纪的人（中）skinny皮包骨的（贬） fossil老朽（贬）2.汉语词义丰富、精确，非常讲究褒贬色彩，如：鼓动-煽动 果断-武断成果-后果 保护- 庇护团结-勾结 依靠- 依赖3.英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时应表达出来，如：1）He was a man of high renown（fame）.他是位有名望的人。（褒）2) Hi

20、s notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。（贬）3) The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒）4) Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）5) “He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不

21、倦。”（褒）6) We were shocked by his coarse manners.我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬）4.英语中有些词本是中立的，但在一定的上下文中有褒贬涵义，汉译时应表现出来，如：A需要用褒义的词来表达1) Early in 2008, the diving champion was asked to express his hopes and ambitions. 2008年初，有人请这位跳水冠军谈了他的希望和抱负。2) The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significa

22、nt moment in their careers.两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟，这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。B需要用贬义的词来表达1） He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。2） Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey, th

23、e Russians arrested me as a “spy” and sent me out through Poland. (A.L.Strong) 后来，就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友刚刚到达的时候，俄国人把我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我，并把我驱逐出境，取道波兰。3） He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。4） As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employ

24、ees.他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。5） Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。作业：1. It was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps(隆美尔和他的非洲军团).2. They predicted the youth would have a bright future.3. John was an aggre

25、ssive salesman who did his job quite well.4. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power.5. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.6. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.