高一英语入门语法教师版.docx

1、高一英语入门语法教师版高一英语入门语法（教师版）一、词类、构词法. 词类相互间的关系1、词类词类英语名称意义例词名词The Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名称。teacher, school,air动词The Verb(V.)表示动作或状态。be,have,learn.形容词The Adjctive(adj.)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质或特征。good, beautiful,black副词The Adverb(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。now, here，very代词The Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词she,it, my,y

2、ouself,this,who,数词The Numeral(num.)表示数目或事物的顺序。one,two,three,first,second,third冠词The Article(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词。a, an, the介词The Prepositon(prep.)表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。in, on, from, above, behind连词The Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子。and,or, but, so感叹词The Interjection(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。oh, well, hi, he

3、llo2.构词法1)合成法：把两个或两个以上的词合成为一个新词。如：_ classmate _同学, classroom教室，basketball篮球, playground操场2)派生法：在一个单词前或后加上一个词缀，变成一个新词。(1)派生名词：动词+_er/or_ driver司机,teacher教师,inventor发明家, visitor参观者 名词+er farmer农民，officer 政府官员动词+ing swimming 游泳, building楼房, meeting会议动词+tion congratulation 祝贺, invention发明，graduation毕业动词

4、+ment agreement_同意，disagreement不同意，settlement定居点形容词+ness kindness善良, carelessness粗心，loneliness孤独形容词tce ignorance无知，importance重要性，confidence自信(2)派生形容词：名词+y cloudy, snowy, sunny晴天的,dusty积满灰尘的名词+ful careful细心的, helpful有助的, useful有用的，powerful强大的 名词+less careless粗心的, helpless无助的, useless无用的,powerless无权力的

5、动词+ing_ intertesting有趣的, exciting令人兴奋的，surprising令人惊讶的 动词+ed interested感兴趣的，exciting兴奋的,surprised惊讶的,concerned担心的名词+ous dangerous危险的, nervous紧张的,其他 friendly热情的, daily(每日的) , English英国的, Geman德国的(3)派生副词：形容词+ly slowly ,fluently, gradually,angryangrily(生气地)其它 goodwell, possiblepossibly,probableprobably

6、3)转换法：一个单词由某一种词类转为另一种词类。(1)形容词动词,如：dry(干燥的)dry(吹干), clean(干净的)clean(打扫)Dry hair can be damaged by washing it too frequently. 干性头发洗得太频繁容易受损。 Lets dry our hair so we dont catch cold. 我们把头发吹干，这样就不会感冒。这地板挺干净。The floor is so clean.今天轮到我们打扫教室。Its our duty to clean our classroom. (2)动词名词,如：look, walk, rest

7、, work, learn学习, swim, go,talk聊天 请看黑板。Please look at the blackboard.让我看看。Let me have a look. (3)名词动词,如：hand(手)hand (传递),face(脸)face(面对/面向)我们每个人都有一双手。Everyone of us has a pair of hands.请上交你们的作业。Please hand in your homework.她有一张圆圆的脸。She has a round face.面对现实吧！Face the reality!(4)形容词副词,如：earlyearly, fa

8、stfast The early bird catches the worm.(捷足先登) This morning I got up early(早). I ran fast to the fast food restaurant to buy some fast food.(5)副词连词,如：when(什么时候)when(当时)When are you going home? 你什么时候回家？当你孤单你会想起谁？Who will you think of when you are lonely?(6)介词副词,如：in(到里)(在家), on(在上)on(进行,继续)He was in h

9、is car. 他坐在他的车里。我今天早上打电脑给你，你不在家。I telephoned you this morning,but you are not in.3.词类相互间的关系1）形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另一个名词），形容词还可修饰代词。那三个高大又强壮的男人都是篮球运动员。The three tall and strong men are all basketball players.我有些有趣的事情要告诉你。I have something interesting to tell you.2)副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词。他哥哥足球踢得很好。Her brother

10、 plays football quite well.这个会议很重要。The meeting is very important.3)冠词只用于名词之前，辅助说明名词的含义。我们教师前有一棵树，这棵树很高。There is a tree in front of our classroom. The tree is very tall.4)介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语。今天我们一整天都呆在家里。We stayed at home all day today.在他前面的那个女孩是谁？Whos the girl in front of him?5)连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。他和我都是

11、好学生。He and I are both good students.请看黑板并回答我的问题。Please look at the blackboard and answer my question.她很丑，但是很善良。She is ugly,but she is so kind.村里有个姑娘叫小芳。There is a girl who is called Xiaofang in our village.二、句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。在英语中，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙

12、述的主体，相当于句子的主题，说明这个句子讲的是什么人或什么事，一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To

13、swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后

14、。谓语的构成如下： （1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practices running every morning. （2）复合谓语：a) 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. b）由系动词加表语构成例如：We are students.3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become,get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名

15、词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The

16、class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their hou

17、sework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5. 补足语（宾语补足语和主语补足语）：a) 宾语补足语: 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语

18、以外，还要有一个宾语补语才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词短语）We found everything in t

19、he lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）b) 主语补足语：补充说明主语的叫主语补足语。1. The poet Li He died young. =The poet Li He died and he was young. 诗人李贺年轻时就死了。 (形容词)2. He returned a hero. = He returned and he was a hero.他回来时成了一个英雄。 (名词)6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Gu

20、ilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has bee

21、n worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作发生的时间，地点，条件，目的，原因等，或说明动作的状态特征的句子成分叫做状语。例如：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式

22、短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语

23、）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）【边讲边练】

24、一分析下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：（1）My brother hasnt done his homework. （2）They smiled happily. （3） He gave me a book yesterday. （4）They made him monitor of the class. （5）If you go across the bridge you will find the museum on the left. （6）You will find it useful to learn English after you leave school. （7）They di

25、dnt know who Father Christmas really is. （8）He is a qualified teacher in our school.（9）Some of the students want to go swimming三、简单句的五种基本句型（five Basic Sentence Patterns）英语中句子无论怎样变化，归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主+谓（不及物动词） Iwork. 我工作。 2）主+谓（及物动词）+宾 ShestudiesEnglish.她学英语。3）主+谓（及物动词）+间宾+直宾例如： Mymotherm

26、ademeanewdress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。4）主+谓（及物动词）+宾+宾补 Timewouldprovemeright.时间会证明我是对的。 5）主+系（动词）+表Johnisbusy.约翰忙。说明：在主系表结构中，系动词有两类需要区别对待：一类是be动词。另一类是其它系动词(主要是感官动词和使役动词). 如：get, become, go, turn, grow, sound, look, taste, smell, seem, appear, remain, keep, stay, prove 等,后面一般跟形容词或由动词+ing或ed变化而来的形容词做表语，而become还

27、可以跟名词和过去分词作表语。例如：The weather is getting cold and cold with the season coming into the winter.随着冬天的来临，天气越来越冷了。He has become a college student. 他已经成了一名大学生。Soon the room become crowed. 不久，房子就很拥挤了。The food goes bad. 食物变质了。The leaves of trees turn green in spring. 树叶春天变绿了。The wind sounds strong. 风声听起来很大。

28、He looks younger than he is. 他看起来比实际年龄要小。The dish tastes good. 这道菜很好吃。He seems ill today. 他似乎病了。The situation remained unchanged. 情况未发生变化。Mary keeps silent in the discussion. 讨论中玛丽保持沉默。6）there be 句型和 have（has）表示“有”的不同1. “ There be句型”表达“有”时，说明的是“存在关系”，即“有某物在某处”， 如：There are so many people on the play

29、ground. （操场上有许多人）。“Have/has”表“有”时，表示“所属关系“，即“某物为某人所拥有”或“部分是整体的一部分”。 如：I have a house with a beautiful garden. 我有一套带花园的房子。The building has thirty rooms. 这栋楼有三十个房间。2. 根据句意的需要，“there be 句型” 的结构还有如下一些变化形式：There is going to be/There will be (将有)There used to be (曾经有)There seems to be (似乎有)There happen(s)

30、 to be (a)(碰巧有) There live (s) /lie (s) /stand (s) /stay (s) /exist(s)/ 有 运用“there be 句型”常犯的错误形式有如下两种：(1) There have /has many people in my family. (误)There are many people in my family. (正)(2)There is no one was waiting (误) There is no one waiting / No one was waiting (正)练习：根据英语的基本句型，翻译下面的句子：（一）主语+谓语 （S+V）1.他工作很努力。_2.外国游客将于本周六抵达。_3.他和他的妻子两年前居住在英国。_ (二) 主语+系动词+表语 （S+P