探讨劳动人员加班费问题.docx

1、探讨劳动人员加班费问题 探讨劳动人员加班费问题一、问题的提出。A, problem.近年来，每当节假日过后，加班费问题往往会成为舆论关注的焦点。特别是2012年2月20日国家税务总局纳税服务司针对“节假日加班工资是否缴纳个人所得税”做出解答，明确个人在节假日的加班费需要按照工薪收入纳税，这更是触动了人们对加班费问题这根敏感的神经。在中国，加班费之所以成为问题，主要原因是加班几乎是很多职场人的一种常态，而能够按照规定领到加班费的比例却不高。2011年5月，由智联招聘网发起的调查显示：“五一”期间，有26.8的人表示需要加班。其中54.5的人表示不能领到加班费或不能补休。2008年底，北京市劳动和

2、社会保障局对北京市8 19家用人单位支付劳动者法定节假日加班工资情况开展专项调查，结果显示：用人单位未支付加班工资的有82家，未按照规定支付加班工资的有174家旧，两者所占比例为被调查对象的31.2。上述这些数据表明，在我国，用人单位侵占劳动者加班费是个普遍现象。In recent years, every time after the holidays, overtime problems often become the focus of media attention. Especially in February 20, 2012, the State Administration o

3、f Taxation Tax Service Department to answer for holiday overtime pay personal income tax, personal tax in accordance with the clear wage income in holiday overtime, it is touched people that Gen Min fees for overtime nerve. In China, overtime has become a problem, the main reason is the overtime is

4、almost a normal many employees, and overtime pay in accordance with the provisions of the proportion is not high. In 2011 May, according to a survey by network launched: five one period, 26.8% said that the need for overtime. 54.5% of the people that cannot receive overtime or not be off.? By the en

5、d of 2008, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of labor and social security to pay the statutory holidays to Beijing 819 home units overtime to carry out special investigation, results showed: the employer fails to pay overwork salary of 82, not in accordance with the provisions of payment of overtime wage

6、s are 174 old J, both the proportion of respondents 31.2%. These data show that, in our country, the employer occupation workers overtime is a common phenomenon.就字义渊源而言，“加班费”一词源于我国法律的规定。劳动法规定：劳动者每日工作时间不超过8小时、平均每周工作时间不超过44小时；用人单位应当保证劳动者每周至少休息一日；在元旦、春节、国际劳动节、国庆节以及其他法定休假节日，用人单位必须安排劳动者休假。根据上述规定，标准工作时间以外

7、的时间、休息13和法定休假日都属于劳动者支配的休息时间。因此，所谓“加班”是指用人单位占用劳动者的休息时间在标准工作时间以外延长劳动者工作时间，或者在休息日以及法定休假日安排劳动者从事工作。为了弥补劳动者休息权受到的损失，劳动法建立了补偿制度。根据该法第44条规定，用人单位安排劳动者延长工作时间的，支付不低于工资150的报酬；安排劳动者在休息日工作又不能安排补休的，支付不低于工资200的报酬；安排劳动者在法定休假日工作的，支付不低于工资300的报酬。劳动者基于上述三种情况所领得的工资报酬就是加班费。据此，所谓加班费问题是指劳动者因用人单位占用其休息时间安排其工作而没有按照规定支付加班费所引发的

8、劳动争议，其实质是用人单位对劳动者依法所享有的休息权的侵害。用人单位侵害劳动者的休息权本是私人之间的民事纠纷，本文拟探讨的问题是：国家是否有义务介入这一纠纷以保障劳动者的休息权；如果有，则国家应承担何种义务；目前国家所采取的措施是否尽到了应承担的义务，如何改进。本文拟从宪法学角度对这些问题进行探讨，以就教于学界。The meaning of the word origin, overtime comes from the law of our country. Labor law stipulates: labourers shall work for no more than 8 hours

9、, the average weekly working time is not more than 44 hours; the employer shall guarantee workers at least one day off a week; in the new years day, Spring Festival, the international labor day, national day and other legal holidays, the employer must arrange laborer to leave. According to the above

10、 provisions, any other than the standard working hours, rest 13 and statutory holidays are workers dominate the rest time. Therefore, the so-called overtime refers to the employing units occupied workers longer working hours of labourers in the standard working hours, or in the rest of the day and t

11、he legal holiday arranges laborer to work. In order to make up for the losses suffered by the workers right to rest, labor law established a compensation system. According to the law the forty-fourth regulation, the employer arranges laborer to lengthen working hours, pay is not lower than the wages

12、 150% reward; arranges laborer to work on rest days cannot arrange again fill rest, pay not less than 200% of salary reward; arranges laborer to work in legal holiday, payment of wages of not less than 300%. Workers in these three cases based on the wages for overtime. Accordingly, the so-called ove

13、rtime issue refers to workers due to the employer takes his break time to arrange their work and not in accordance with the provisions of payment of overtime labor dispute, and its essence is a violation of the rights of employers to workers according to the enjoyment of the. The employer abuse of w

14、orkers right to rest this is private between civil disputes, this paper intends to discuss the question is: whether the state has the obligation to intervene in this dispute to protect workers right to rest; if there is, then the state should duties; the measures taken are not up to the obligations,

15、 how to improve the. This paper attempts to explore these issues from a constitutional perspective, in order to advise with academia.二、作为宪法权利的休息权之内涵。Two, as a constitutional right to rest right connotation.根据规定休息权的法规范的效力位阶不同，可以把休息权分为作为宪法权利的休息权和作为法律权利的休息权。前者由宪法规范所确认，是劳动者所享有的且对立法、行政、司法权之行使有拘束力的权利；后者是法

16、律对宪法休息权规范的具体化，虽然为劳动者所享有，但主要拘束平等的民事主体。本文基于研究的需要，主要研究的是作为宪法权利的休息权。According to the provisions of the law of the right of rest effect of different ranks, can put the rest right into as a constitutional right right of rest and rest as a legal right. The former is confirmed by constitution, is the worker

17、s enjoy and exercise the legislative, administrative, judicial powers have binding force on the right; the latter is the specific law on the constitutional right of rest standard, although to be enjoyed by laborers, but the main constraint equal civil subjects. In this paper, based on the research n

18、eeds, the main research is as a constitutional right of the right of rest.根据荷兰学者马尔赛文等对1976年以前世界上142部成文宪法的统计，有46个国家的宪法规定了休息权，占32.4。进一步研究发现，在规定休息权的宪法中，绝大多数属于社会主义国家的宪法，比如中国、越南、朝鲜、古巴以及前苏联、前罗马尼亚等国家的宪法。相对而言，快速升柱器资本主义国家宪法对休息权加以规定的并不多。上述社会主义国家中，除了前苏联外，多数社会主义国家都是在第二次世界大战以后才建立起来的，因此，就时间来看，休息权作为宪法权利在宪法中加以确认主要是

19、二战以后的事情。从各国宪法对休息权的规定来看，休息权涉及以下两个方面内涵。According to the Holland scholars maarseveen, prior to 1976 142 of the worlds written constitution statistics, there are 46 countries the Constitution provides for the right to rest, accounted for 32.4%. J (p154 ) the author further study found that, in the provi

20、sions of the constitution of the right of rest, mostly belongs to the constitution of the socialist countries, such as China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba and the former Soviet Union, the former Romania state constitution. Relatively speaking, the capitalist countries constitution of right of rest to

21、be provided is not much. The socialist countries, in addition to the former Soviet Union, the majority of the socialist countries were established after the Second World War, therefore, the time point of view, the right to rest as the constitutional rights in the constitution, confirmed mainly after

22、 World War II. The constitution from the provisions of the right to rest, the right to rest involves the following two aspects connotation.（一）休息权主体。( a ) the right to rest body.休息权主体是指谁享有休息权。归纳起来，各国宪法主要有两种规定方式：一种是规定休息权的主体是公民。比如苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟宪法（1936）第119条规定：“苏联公民有休息的权利。”朝鲜民主主义人民共和国宪法Rest right refers t

23、o the subject who enjoys the right to rest. To sum up, the constitutions of various countries mainly have two kinds of ways: one is subject to the provisions of the right to rest is the citizen. For example, the union of Soviet Socialist Republic constitution ( 1936 ) the 119th stipulation: Soviet c

24、itizens have the right to rest. The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea constitution （1998）第71条规定：“公民有休息的权利。这种权利由工作时间制度、公休日制度、带薪休假制度和用国家费用进行静养与休养的制度以及不断增加的各种文化设施等来保证。”另一种规定方式是规定休息权的主体是劳动者。我国宪法第43条第一款规定：“劳动者有休息的权利。”古巴共和国宪法第45条规定：“每个劳动者享有休息权，此项权利的保障为：八小时工作日，风冷冷却器每星期一天休息日和每年支付原薪的休假。”公民是指具有一国国籍的人，而劳动者属

25、于公民中的一部分，显然从外延上看，公民的范围要比劳动者的范围更宽。笔者认为，对我国宪法第43条规定的“劳动者”应作广义理解，即把其定义为有劳动能力的自然人。自然人既包括本国人，也包括外国人。换言之，在我国境内从事各种工作的外国人，也享有休息权，受宪法保护。( 1998 ) seventy-first stipulates: citizens have the right to rest. This right by the system of working hours, holiday system, paid vacation system and national costs of re

26、st and recuperation of the system and the increasing of various cultural facilities to ensure. Another provision is subject to the provisions of the right to rest is laborer. Chinas constitution forty-third paragraph: workers have the right to rest. Constitution of the Republic of Cuba forty-fifth s

27、tipulates: all workers enjoy the right to rest, the right safeguard : eight hour working day, every Monday day of rest days and pay an annual original salary. The citizen is a nationality of the person, and the laborer is a part of citizen, apparently from the content point of view, the scope of cit

28、izens to be wider than the range. The author thinks that the provisions of our constitution, article forty-third of the worker should be understood in a broad sense, which is defined as the natural person has the ability to work. Natural person includes not only the native people, including foreigne

29、rs. In other words, foreigners engaged in all kinds of working in China, also enjoy the right to rest, protected by the constitution.（二）休息权内容。( two ) the right to rest content.1.休息权。从休息权规范条款所处位置来看，其处于宪法第42条关于劳动权的规定之后，故休息权与劳动权有密切联系。所谓“劳动”，其乃是一种活动，“一种对事物加工改造的活动，是对自然物赋形的活动。”（p222而休息是对此种活动的暂时停止，以使劳动者恢复体

30、力，放松身心。这里所讲的休息权主要针对每日工作时间而言，目前世界各国对休息权的保障普遍实行的是每天八小时工作制，八小时以外的时间是劳动者自由支配的时问，属于劳动者的权利范围。1 the right to rest. From the rest right provisions position, after the forty-second clause of the Constitution on the labor rights provisions, the right to rest has close links with the labor rights. The so-calle

31、d labor , which is a kind of activity, a kind of thing processing transformation activities, is the natural substance shaped activities. ( P222 and the rest is temporarily stopped, for such activities to enable workers to recover, relax. The right of rest mainly aimed at daily time, currently the wo

32、rld generally imposed on the protection to the right of rest is eight hours per day, eight hours outside of time is the free time, belongs to the scope of the rights of workers.休假权。休假权是指劳动者连续工作一段时间以后，享有的用整天时间放松身心的权利。The right to leave. The right to leave after workers work continuously for a period of time, enjoy by day to relax right.对休假权的保障，各国普遍实行的是每周有两天休息日，即双休日。除了双休日外，各国还根据本国国情，规定了一些休假日。比如，根据劳动法规定，我国劳动者享有的休假日包括：元旦、春节、国际劳动节、国庆节以及其他法定休假节日。To leave the protection of the right to universal