Kiowa-People基奥瓦人历史.ppt

1、,1.起源,北美印第安人是美洲土著居民。属蒙古人种美洲支系。使用印第安语，包括十几个语族。美洲印第安人是在大约25400年前分多批从西伯利亚经白令海峡到达阿拉斯加，逐步向南迁徙，一直抵达美洲最南端，散布于整个美洲。,印第安人的祖先迁入美洲不是一次，而是分批陆续到达美洲的，然后又经过长期的不断迁移与推进，最终散布到美洲全境。美洲大陆辽阔的地域、丰富的资源以及宜人的气候使得印第安人的祖先在美洲居住下来。随着人类生物体的进化以及社会经济的发展，分批迁入的印第安人由北而南在美洲各地建立起各种生活和社会制度，创造了大量的文化财富。但是美洲印第安人并不是一个统一的民族，他们进入美洲的时间不同，背景各异，受

2、地理环境、自然条件等各方面的影响，逐渐形成了许多不同语言、不同习俗、不同文化的部落团体。,2.Kiowa,基奥瓦人,基奥瓦人Kiowa,北美印第安民族，基奥瓦-塔诺安(Kiowa-Tanoan)语系语言，居住在大平原南部；是最末向美国投降的部落之一20世纪晚期，基奥瓦人加上基奥瓦阿帕切人(Kiowa Apache)约3,000人，与1780年的人数大致相等。基奥瓦人分为7个宗族(其中夸托人Kuato已灭绝)，包括基奥瓦-阿帕切人在内。後者是一个小型的南部阿萨巴斯卡宗族(Athabascan)，操阿帕切语。基奥瓦人是典型的大平原游牧部落。自西班牙人那里获得马匹之後，改用骑马猎捕水牛，没有耕作，居

3、住在大型三柱兽皮圆锥帐篷里。组成若干武士会，其成员根据战功序级，战功不仅包括杀敌，还要触摸敌尸。基奥瓦人相信梦幻能赋予他们一种神奇力量，可用之於战争、狩猎及医疗等方面，基奥瓦人亦以其图画文字记事著称，每年二次，记录部落大事，这些历书历史始於1832年，迄於1939年，以冬、夏为期，由该部落的一名艺术家，将图画文字绘於兽皮之上。,The Kiowa are a nation of American Indians and indigenous（土著的）people of the Great Plains.Mostly nomadic（游牧的）,they survived on buffalo（野

4、牛）meat and gathered vegetable,living in teepees,and depended on their horses for hunting and military use.They had several distinctive traits,including a pictographic（象形文字的）calendar and the worship of a stone image.,Total population:12,000(2011)Languages:Kiowa,English Religion:Christianity and Nativ

5、e American Church,Teepeesn.（美）圆锥形帐篷,calendar,History of the Kiowa,In the 17th century,the Kiowa inhabited west Montana（蒙大纳州）.In 1700,they had moved to an area southeast of the Yellowstone River.Here they came into contact with the Crow Indians(克劳族)who gave the Kiowa permission to settle in the Black

6、 Hills.While living there,they acquired the horse,probably from the Crow.After the invading Cheyenne(夏安族)and the Sioux(苏族)drove the Kiowa from the Black Hills,they were forced to move south to Wichita（威奇托 现美国堪萨斯州城市）Mountains.In 1790,after a bloody war,the Kiowa reached a permanent peace with the Com

7、anche(科曼奇族).The Kiowa and Comanche came together and formed an alliance.Together they often raided（袭击）Mexican settlements.During this time the Kiowa became very wealthy with an easy access to buffalo.,Gradual loss of landIn 1837,the Kiowa were forced to sign a treaty with the government that allowed

8、 Americans to travel through Kiowa and Comanche（科曼奇）lands.After 1840,when the Kiowa made peace with the Cheyenne（夏安族）,four groupsthe Kiowa,the Cheyenne,the Comanche,and the Apache（阿帕切族）combined to fight the eastern tribes,who had migrated to Indian Territory.This caused more hostility between Native

9、 Americans and the U.S.government.,In 1868.The U.S.troops forced the Kiowa into a reservation(美国为土著美洲人划出的)保留地，居留地.In 1874.The Kiowa broke out of the reservation and resumed active warfare with the white settlers.Many of their chiefs and warriors were caught and deported（放逐）.By 1879 most of them were

10、 settled on their present lands in Oklahoma（俄克拉荷马州）.In 1968.Kiowa Tribal Council is formed.,The Migration of Kiowa,west Montana(17th century),Yellowstone River(1700),Black Hills(1710-1790),Crows(克劳族人),Wichita Mountains(1790-1868),Cheyenne(夏安族人),Comanche(科曼奇族),Nebraska and Kansas(1868-1874),Oklahoma(

11、1879),The culture of Kiowa,LivingThe Kiowa were nomadic people,meaning they did not live in one area long enough to grow plants or crops,but did trade with sedentary tribes that grew crops.Ledger ArtLedger Art is a term for Plains Indian narrative drawing or painting on paper or cloth.,Kiowa ledger

12、art from 1874,The ceremonySun DanceThe origin of Sun Dancelearned from the Crow The time of the ceremonyevery year in Summer Solstice The main activitiesdancing,singing,drumming,fasting（禁食）and self-torture The last Sun Dance(1890),Music,Kiowa music often is noted for its hymns that traditionally wer

13、e accompanied by dance or played on the flute.,Artists,Kiowa Six is a group of six Kiowa artists from Oklahoma in the 20th century.They were Spencer Asah,James Auchiah,Jack Hokeah,Stephen Mopope,Lois Smoky,and Monroe Tsatoke.Silver Horn(18601940)was a Kiowa Ledger Artist from Oklahoma,painting by Si

14、lver Horn(Kiowa),ca.1880,Kiowa in the present,Today,there are more than 12,000 Kiowa,many of whom live in Oklahoma and other areas of the Southwestern United State.They have tribal sovereignty and direct governmental relations with the US Government.And They live in the modern time as the other Americans.,