高考英语考卷专题闯关导练 课时12.docx

1、高考英语考卷专题闯关导练 课时12课时12阅读理解体裁解读(3)议论文【体裁解读】议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。同学们在阅读议论文时不仅要把握文章的论点、论据和论证，还要把握文章的结构和语言。像汉语一样，英语议论文通常也为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，阅读议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接下来是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。同学们还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每

2、一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点。弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。体裁演练(2017北京卷)Hollywoods theory that machines with evil (邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something

3、 other than what we really want.In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics (控制论)，put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose pu

4、t into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not inborn，nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical co

5、nsequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its

6、task.If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer

7、 scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，

8、let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI

9、researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that su

10、per intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced (中子诱导)

11、nuclear chain reaction.1Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _.Arun out of human controlBsatisfy humans real desiresCcommand armies of killer robotsDwork faster than a mathematician2Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be

12、 able to _.Aprevent themselves from being destroyedBachieve their original goals independentlyCdo anything successfully with given ordersDbeat humans in international chess matches3According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to _.Ahelp super intelligent machines work betterBbe secure against

13、evil human beingsCkeep machines from being harmedDavoid robots affecting the world4What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?AIt will disappear with the development of AI.BIt will get worse with human interference.CIt will be solved but with difficulty.DIt will s

14、tay for a decade.【能力提升】AI read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understand the issue，lets take a look at three types of “waits”The very purest form of waiting is the Watched

15、Pot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until its full.During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until t

16、he water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.A cousin to the WatchedPot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a bit of discipline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait.Directions are very specific

17、.“Bring three cups of water to boil，add mix，simmer three minutes，remove from heat，let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly.After all，Forced Waiting requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the LuckyBreak Wait.This type o

18、f wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary.Unlike the Forced Wait，which is also voluntary，waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.Turning ones life into a waiting game requires faith and hope，and is strictly for the optimists among us.On the surfac

19、e it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes，but the LuckyBreak Wait well serves those who are willing to do it.As long as one doesnt come to rely on it，wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting.The next ti

20、me youre standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that youll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky，dont be desperate.Youre probably just as busy as the next guy.1While doing a WatchedPot Wait，we tend to _.Akeep ourselves busy Bget absentmindedCgrow a

21、nxious Dstay focused2What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the WatchedPot Wait?AThe Forced Wait requires some selfcontrol.BThe Forced Wait makes people passive.CThe WatchedPot Wait needs directions.DThe WatchedPot Wait engages body and brain.3What can we learn about the LuckyBreak Wait?

22、AIt is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.BIt doesnt always bring the desired result.CIt is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.DIt doesnt give people faith and hope.4What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?ATake it seriously. BDont rely on others.CDo something else. DDont

23、lose heart.BI told my friend Graham that I often cycle two miles from my house to the town centre but unfortunately there is a big hill on the route. He replied, “You mean fortunately.” He explained that I should be glad of the extra exercise that the hill provided.My attitude to the hill has now ch

24、anged. I used to complain as I approached it but now I tell myself the following. This hill will exercise my heart and lungs. It will help me to lose weight and get fit. It will mean that I live longer. This hill is my friend. Finally I comfort myself with the thought of all those silly people who p

25、ay money to go to a gym and sit on stationery exercise bicycles when I can get the same value for free. I have a smile of satisfaction as I reach the top of the hill.Problems are there to be faced and overcome. We cannot achieve anything with an easy life. Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind p

26、erson to gain a university degree. Her activism and writing proved inspirational. She wrote, “Character cannot be developed in ease. Only through experiences of suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved.”One of the main determinants of success in

27、life is our attitude towards adversity (逆境). From time to time we all face hardships, problems, accidents and difficulties. Some are of our making but many are no fault of our own. While we cannot choose the adversity, we can choose our attitude towards it.Douglas Bader was 21 when in 1931 he had bo

28、th legs cut off following a flying accident.He was determined to fly again and went on to become one of the leading flying aviators in the Battle of Britain with 22 aerial victories over the Germans.He was an inspiration to others during the war. He said, “Dont listen to anyone who tells you that yo

29、u cant do this or that. Thats nonsense. Make up your mind, youll never use crutches (拐杖) or a stick, and then have a go at everything. Go to school, and join in all the games you can. Go anywhere you want to. But never, never let them persuade you that things are too difficult or impossible.”The bio

30、graphies of great people are full of examples of how they took steps to overcome the difficulties they faced. The common thread is that they did not become depressed. They chose their attitude. They chose to be positive. They took on the challenge. They won.Nevertheless, there is still the problem o

31、f how you change your attitude towards adversity.5Which of the following is true according to the author of the passage?AGoing to a gym is greatly beneficial to peoples health.BClimbing hills on bicycles is the best way to take exercise.CThose who want to achieve success cant expect to live an easy

32、life.DPeoples attitude to adversity is the only factor of their success.6By quoting what Douglas Bader said, the author intends to tell us “_”AFailure is the mother of success.BA bad workman quarrels with his tools.CIf you risk nothing, you will have nothing.DNothing is difficult to the man who will try.7Following this passage, the author will further talk about _.Ahow his friend helped him to change his attitude towards the a