高考化学一轮学生自学文档化学方程式汇编 B21金属.docx

1、高考化学一轮学生自学文档化学方程式汇编 B21金属中山纪念中学2017高考化学一轮学生自学：备考手册备考手册二 高中化学方程式汇编第一部分 金属一、碱金属1.钠Na4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2Na2O2Cl2+2Na2NaCl2Na+SNa2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)4NaCl+TiNa2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na2O）2Na

2、2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O22H2O+O2。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量)+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）2NaOH+Al2O

3、32NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O52NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O4Al(OH)3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)N

4、aHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH)3+3CO2

5、NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HClH3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaH

6、SNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HClH2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾KK+O2KO22K

7、+2H2O2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKClO3+5KCl+3H2SO43Cl2+3K2SO4+3H2O

8、KI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaOHK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)32KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.锂LiLi+O2Li2O2Li+2H2O2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2Li2CO3Li2O+H2O2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO

9、3+2HCl2LiCl+CO2+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO3Li2CO3+CO2+H2O二、常见金属1.镁Mg2Mg+O22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+Cl2MgCl22Mg+CO22MgO+CMg+SMgSMg+Br2MgBr23Mg+N2Mg3N2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH)2Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgC

10、O3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH)2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2Mg(OH)2+BaSO4MgSO4+2NaOHMg(OH)2+Na2SO4Mg3N2Mg3N2+8H2O3Mg(OH)2+2NH3H2O2.铝AlAl+3O22Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2

11、O3+2Fe（铝热反应）2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O（Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化）2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O（Al2O3是两性氧化物）Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)

12、3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOHAl(OH)3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3Al(OH)3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH)3Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O4Al(OH)3+3CH43.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl22FeCl33Fe+2O2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I

13、2FeI2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(浓)Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2

14、CuCu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2AlAl2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O（制还原铁粉）Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe

15、+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2（用于雕刻印刷电路板）2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH)3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe(OH)3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H

16、ClFeCl3+3KSCNFe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4（较难反应）Fe3C+22HNO33Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+11H2O三、其他金属1.锰KMnO4

17、2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5KNO3+2H2PMnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CH4+4CuO4Cu+CO2+2H2O3CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)

18、2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOHCu(OH)2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2Cu(OH)2+BaSO43.钙CaCaO+H2OCa(OH)2CaO+SiO2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体）CaCO3+SiO

19、2CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓)CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO4)2（重钙）CaH2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2H24.钡BaBa(OH)2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO4)2+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBa

20、CO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO3)2+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)5.铅Pb、PbO2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓)PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3)2+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2As2O3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2OZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HClBaCl2+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH)2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓)Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2