国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考问题详解解析汇报.docx

1、国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考问题详解解析汇报练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差贸易逆差favorable unfavorable balance of trad

2、e欧盟European Union国际收支顺差国际收支逆差favorable unfavorable balance of payments有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods服务贸易trade in servicesThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and thetrade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been

3、growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244 while exports to China have grown 221，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling 39.5 billion at the end of the year.1.Export goods

4、are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI

5、is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and or services across national boundarie

6、s.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In todays complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic re

7、asons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital） that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,

8、every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully fol

9、low two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in aforeign company is made.The great significance of FDI for

10、China might be that： FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quo

11、ta保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规则“buy local” rules增加内需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国内含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴B

12、inding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local” rules 本地采购原则1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意

13、使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。2.If the Russians release their stocks of tin into the world market,the price of the metal will sink through the floor.一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于国际市场之中，那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。3.Protective tariff means a duty or tax imposed on imported products for the purpose of making them mo

14、re expensive in comparison to domestic producers,thereby giving the domestic products a price advantage.保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税，旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从而使得本国商品具有价格优势。4.Types of tariffs include ad valorem,specific,variable,or compound.In the UnitedStates,the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods only.Tar

15、iffs raise the prices of imported goods,thus making them less competitive within the market of the importing country.After seven” Rounds ” of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade trade negotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions,tariffs are less important measures of protection than the

16、y used to be.关税的种类包括从价税，从量税，可变税与复合税。在美国，只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货物的价格，从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合主要关于降低税价的贸易协定之后，税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。1.Tariff is a duty collected by customs of a government on imports and or exports.2.A revenue tariff can be some of the incomes of a government,but it must be taken under con

17、trol.3.To export goods at an unreasonably low price is taken as dumping which might be fought against by government of the importing country.4.A tariff may be assessed on a per unit basis,in which case it is known as a specific duty.It also may be assessed as a percentage of the value of the item,in

18、 which case it is knownas an ad valorem duty.5.Import tariffs primarily serve as a means of raising the price of the import goods so that competitively produced domestic goods will gain a relative price advantage.Chapter3APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operationFTAAP Free Trade Agreement of Asia and t

19、he PacificEU European UnionNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementMERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur Southern Common MarketASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsEFTA European Free Trade AreaAFTA ASEAN Free Trade AreaPTAs Preferential Trade agreementsTrade bloc 贸易集团Trade block 贸易禁运封锁Open reg

20、ionalism 开放式区域主义Free trade area 自由贸易区Customs union 关税联盟Common market 共同市场Economic union 经济联盟Trade embargoes 贸易禁运Boycotts 抵制歧视性关税discriminatory tariffs经济制裁economic sanction贸易弹性trade elasticity双边贸易协定bilateral trade agreements多边贸易协定multilateral trade agreements最惠国most favored nationChapter 4GATT Genera

21、l Agreement on Tariffs and TradeHOD Heads of DelegationsTRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesTRIMs Trade Related Investment MeasuresMFN Most Favored Nations惠国Patronage nations受惠国Favored nations缔约国Contracting Parties市场准入market access透明度

22、transparency紧急进口措施Urgent Importing Measures争端解决机制dispute settlement mechanism可持续发展sustainable development特许经营franchise1.Until now WTO has already had 150 members and its trade volume covers 90 of the total trade volume in the whole world.2.Topmost of WTO is the Ministerial Conference which has to me

23、et at least once every two years.Under the Ministerial Conference is the General Council that has to meet at Geneva regularly.3.The WTO Secretariat,which offices only in Geneva,Swizerland,has around 550 regular staff and is headed by a Director-General.Since decisions are made by Members only,the Se

24、cretariat has no decision-making powers as the other international institutions.4.The Secretariat provides some form of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and advises governments wishing to become Members of the WTO.Chapter5 FOB 班轮条件 FOB liner term清关 customs clearanceFOB 吊钩下交货 FOB Un

25、der Tackle平舱 trim多式联运 multimodal transport船舷 shipboard内陆水运 marine navigation on inland waterway理舱 stow卸货费 discharge expense投保 cover insuranceCFR 卸至岸上（含着陆费） CFR Landed班轮 liner单据买卖 documentary salesCFR 舱底交货 CFR Ex-ships HoldCFR 班轮条件 CFR liner terms象征性交货 symbolic delivery.Under CFR,buyer should effect

26、insurance.Under CIF Ex-Ships Hold,seller should pay the discharge charges.Under CIF,the insured amount should be US 22000 if the contracted price is US20000.Under CIP,seller has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The FAS term requires t

27、he seller to clear the goods for export.The DEQ term requires the buyer to proceed with the customs clearance for imports and payment of all customs duty.Under DDP,the seller must pay the costs of customs duties as well as all duties,taxes and other official charges payable upon exportation and impo

28、rtation of the goods.Under DDU the seller must give the buyer instant notice of the shipping of the goods as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measure.The price quoted includes commission on FOB basis.该报价为FOB 的价格并含的佣金。.Under CPT,CIP,“carrier” means any person who,

29、in a contract of carriage,undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport,by rail,road,air,sea,inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.在CPT、CIP 项下，“承运人”指在货物运输合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。.Under FCA,the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of

30、 loading and unloading the goods at that place.If delivery occurs at the sellers premise,the seller is responsible for loading.If delivery occurs at any other place,the seller is not responsible for unloading.在FCA 项下，交货地的选择对货物的装船与卸载责任有影响。如果交货地基于卖方，卖方有装载责任。如果交货地在其它地方，卖方对卸载没有责任。.Under FOB，the seller m

31、ust deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyerAnd the buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ships rail at the named port of shipment在FOB 项下，卖方必须在约定的日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。EXWFCAFASFOBCFRCIFCPTCIPDESDEQDDPDo the terms of delivery include production costs and profits？YYYYYYYYYYYIs export packing includedYYYY