语法3.docx

1、语法3考研英语语法总结从2002年起，研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查，将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议，他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。（一）情态动词 一情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：A.表示已经发生的情况B.表示虚拟语气。在这两

2、个方面must/mustnt；can/cannt；need/neednt；may/maynt；might/mightnt；should/shouldnt；ought等情态动词完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的。A表示已经发生的情况1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定”。如：My pain _ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?” A must be B h

3、ad been C must have been D had to be 译为：我的痛苦都写在脸上，因为昨天我一进屋，第一个见到我的人就对我问寒问暖。2）cant / couldnt have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“一定没，不可能”。如： Mary _ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A couldnt have received B ought to have received C has received D shouldnt have received 译为：玛丽肯定没收到我的信，不然的

4、话，此刻之前她就会回复了。3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许”。如： At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 译：在佛罗里达河力电站，放射性水的潜在严重泄漏也许会由一个电工不知不觉地引起。B表示虚拟语气。 1) neednt have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做

5、的事，相当于”didnt need to do”,译为“其实没必要”。如： As it turned out to be a small house party, so we _ formally. A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed up C did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up译为：只是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们没有必要穿的那么正式。2）should have +过去分词，表示本应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上

6、做了，译为“本不应该”。如： I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. 译为：我很遗憾工作没有做完。我本应该事先认真地把每件事情规划好的。（但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。）3) ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如： he porter ought to have called the fire-brigades as soon as he saw

7、the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke . 译为：搬运工人应该一看到仓库起火冒烟就立即给消防队报火警的。4) could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully. 译为：你说的对，但是你本可以表达的更委婉一些的。5) may/ might have +过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会”。如

8、：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers. 译为：把统计表和仪器图片总结得更言简意赅一些以便进一步协助首次担任自动化经理的人员，也许这样会更好一些。二几个情态动词常考的句型： 1) may/might (just) as well + do sth. “不妨，最好”，与had better + do sth. 相近Si

9、nce the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.=You had better go by train. 既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。2) cannot / canttoo “越越好；再怎么样也不过分”注意这个句型的变体cannotover.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候，越小心越好。 The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject c

10、annot be over emphasized .最后一段涉及文章结构的变化和发展。这个主题再怎么强调也不过分。3) usednt 或didt use to ，为used to (do) 的否定式。 4) should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。 三情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 1 want, require, worth(worth为形容词) + doing也可以表示被动意义。Your hair wants cuttin

11、g. 你头发该剪了。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。The floor requires washing. 地板该擦了。2 Need用法：可以need to be done 也可以need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义。The house needs painting= The house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.（二） 形容词、副词及比较级、最高级 一形容词的修饰与位置 一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀”l

12、y”往往是副词，但有的以“ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意！形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语；这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下归纳：1、 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词：costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的2、 以“a”开头的很多形

13、容词只能做表语： afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的 3 、只作前置定语的形容词 earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 for

14、mer 前任的 mere 仅，只不过 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的 4、下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词。注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语： Remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。 如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty whe

15、n it comes to specifics.译为：所有那些没完成的部分理论上好像不错，但究其细节来，及时最相信的人也有巨大困难。二形容词与副词的比较级、最高级 1 考比较级时，考生应把握： 1） 形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如： Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , _ or better than an actual performance. Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as 在这里as good as比较连词与

16、better than比较连词同时出现，不能省略任何一个介词。On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies thanthose with little ambition. 2) 比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _ . A of last years Bthose of last years Cof those of

17、last year D that of last year （前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”；不能选择B，those是指代participants，不是同类对比。 Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackerays. 3) 比较级与倍数词关系及其位置 原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为.若干倍”，他们的位置是：倍数词 + asas,或 倍数词 + morethan，但a

18、gain一般放在原级词之后，即 “as+原级again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year _ than automobile accidents. A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars _ for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid f

19、or it.” A twice so much B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice 4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：Inferior 低等的, superior上级的，较高的；高傲的；minor 次要的, major主要的, 较多的, 大部份的；senior高级的、年长的, junior年少的资历较浅的；prior 优先的、在前的；preferable更可取的, 更好的, 更优越的；prefer to比起更喜欢、宁愿,；rather than宁可 . 也不愿, 与其 .不如, 而不是differ from不同于, 与 .

20、 有区别, different from 与不同；compared with与 . 比较, in comparison with与 . 比较如：Their watch is _ to all the other watches on the market.A superior B advantageous C super D beneficialPrior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研题) 5）“比较级and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“

21、ever, steadily,daily等副词比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming daily worse.The road got ever worse until there was no road at all.= Th

22、e road got worse and worse. 6) even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修饰语+ 比较级：用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如:Today it is even colder than yesterday,I have yet more exciting news for you.7) 有关比较级的特殊句型： A) not so muchas与其说不如说 The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates _ a fall in dea

23、th rates as a result of improvements in medical are. A and B as Cbut D or 译为：人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。 B) no more/not any morethan两者一样都不 The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A not so Bnot much Cmuch more D no more 译为：心脏和胃两者都不具有智

24、力，他们都受大脑控制。There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, _ they can limit how much water you drink. A much more than B no more than C no less than D any more than C) no less/not any lessthan两者一样,都注意基本上与no/not any morethan意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮。D) ju

25、st as so 正如， 也（用倒装结构） Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is 2最高级形式应注意的问题： 1）最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。 in, (all) over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China, all over the world. of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses. 注

26、意：among= one of ,不能说among all。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。 如：_ all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. A Among B Of C For D To 2) 比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用： any other + 单数名词；the other + 复数名词；the others；anyone/anything else 上述词是用于将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混

27、乱的错误。如：不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。 3）most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，有单复数之分，不能用定冠词the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants， 要注意与 “the +形容词最高级of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices.They have been most kind to me.Basketball is the most popular of sports

28、in this country. Chinese is the most difficult of language.Chinese is a most difficult language 三不用比较级和最高级的形容词：1）表示颜色的有：white, black 2）表示形态的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3) 表示性质和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty,

29、sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4) 表示状态作表语的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5) 表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6) 表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief min

30、or, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7) 含有绝对概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete四平行结构与比较级 平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as muc

31、h as the composer at the moment he composes. 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比not onlybut (also) ;preferto;rather than；有的是同类对比：and ;but；or；both and；eitheror; neithernor. 平行结构测试时候注意以下几点： 1注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die on ones feet than _ .Aliving on ones knees Blive on ones knees Con ones knees Dto live on ones kneesDespite the temporary difficulties, the