强烈推荐英语语法基础知识.docx

1、强烈推荐英语语法基础知识英语语法基础知识-动词分类我们应该从三个方面了解一下动词的分类。 第一方面：按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类。见下表。类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always comes late.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student.助动词(aux. v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesnt speak Chinese.I

2、am watching TV.情态动词 (mod. v.) 跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves.That would be better.第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Look at, look after动词+副词Give up, put into动词+副词+介词Catch up with, look down upon动词+名词+介词Take care of, pay attention to Be+形容词

3、+介词Be proud of, be afraid of 复杂结构Make up ones mind, wind ones way 第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English.主动The road was filled with rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要

4、求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事实I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The cup is broken过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The steam is seen rising from the wet cloth

5、es.中学生英语学习常见错误-动词误 She laid down and soon fell asleep. 正 She lay down and soon fell asleep. 析考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放，lie躺，lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下： lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物动词) lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物动词) lie (说谎) lied， lied， lying 误 Please rise your hand. 正 Please raise your hand. 析 rise 是不及物动

6、词，其后不能接宾语，如：The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物动词。 误 I like to swim very much, but I dont like swimming this afternoon. 正 I like swimming very much, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 析 like作为喜欢讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。但要注意的是like 与would连用时则一定要接不定式，如：Would you like

7、 to go with me?再有一点要注意的是，like作为介词像讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。 误 Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice? 正 Stop! Did you hear a strange voice? 析 hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么，而listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向，如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同，look重于看的倾向，而see重于看见没看见。 误 Did you watch some film recently? 正 D

8、id you see some film recently? 析 英语中see 与 watch 各有不同的用处，see用于看电影、剧目，而watch用作看电视和看球赛。 误 Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. 正 Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling. 析 hang有两个含义， 挂，它的过去时与过去分词是hung， hung; 绞刑，这时它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为hanged， hanged。 误 How long can I borrow this book? 正 How

9、 long can I keep this book? 析 借在英文中有三个词， 借入，即borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library? 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you. 借多久要用keep, 因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词，而keep是延续性动词。如 How long can I keep it? 误 We have won your class. 正 We have beaten your class. 析 win是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语，应是人、队、班

10、级等等，如：We won the game. 误 I left my key. 正 I forgot my key. 正 I left my key at home. 析 leave是丢下，其后一定要接地点状语，而forget其后不要接地点状语。 误 Oh! Its raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you. 正 Oh! Its raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you. 析 bring为带来如：Next time bring your little sister h

11、ere.而take为带走，fetch为去某处取什么回来，如：Please fetch some coffee for us要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组，如： take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下take off 脱下 takeout 拿出 take place 发生 take hold of 拿住 take part in 参加take a seat 坐下take ones place 替代take a look 看看 take ones turn 轮流 take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it e

12、asy 别着急take ones time 慢慢来 take ones temperature 测量体温 误 The policeman reached his gun. 正 The policeman reached for his gun. 析 reach作到达讲时是及物动词，如：I reached the hotel at 830但作伸手去拿，则要用reach for something。作为到达讲时还有arrive (in+大地方)(at较小的地方)和get to.要注意的是与get有关的词组有： get back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车

13、 get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达get ready for=be ready for get on well with 与人相处融洽 get 加比较级为变得如何，例如： get colder and colder. 误 This dictionary spent me five dollars. 正 This dictionary cost me five dollars. 析 英文中的花费有4个spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 与pay所在句中的主语应为人，如：I spent two hours in doing

14、 my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而cost与take的主语则是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book. 误 In summer I always sleep with the windows opened. 正 In summer I always sleep with the windows open. 正 I always sleep with the windows closed. 析要注意open是动词也是形容词，而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。 误 Please

15、wait a minute. Im having on my clothes. 正 Please wait a minute. Im putting on my clothes. 析英语中的穿衣服要分状态，是什么样的穿着打扮，还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用进行时态，它多用一般时态，如：She has on a new school dress. 而wear则多用进行时来表示状态，如：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中put on是常用的一词。dress用作动词当穿衣讲时其后宾语不应接衣

16、物，而要接人，如：My children were very young they couldnt dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词，如：He is dressed in white. 误 My computer cant begin. Could you find someone to help me? 正 My computer cant start. Could you find someone to help me? 析 begin与start均可指开始，而且常常可以互换，如：School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是

17、在两种情况下不宜用begin 而要用start, 当作机器开动、发动讲，如：My car cant start. There must be something wrong with it. 作为旅途开始讲，如：We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road. 误 Im very glad because I have founded my lost key. 正 Im very glad because I have found my lost key. 析 find是不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词

18、是found, found，而found又是另外一词建立，它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词是founded founded, 如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 误 Please. Lets speak in English. 正 Please. Lets speak English. 正 Please. Lets talk in English. 误 Can you speak it English? 正 Can you say it in English? 析 英文中说有4个常用词say, tell, speak, ta

19、lk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词，其他情况是不及物动词。say 与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用双宾语，如：Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如： Tell the truth. 误 Can you say Japanese from Chinese? 正 Can you tell Japanese from Chinese? 析 tellfrom为固定词组，即分辨两者的不同。 误 Excuse

20、 me, did I step on your foot? 正 Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot? 析 excuse me用于未打扰对方前，以提醒对方注意的用语，而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。 误 Would you care for to swim with us? 正 Would you care to swim with us? 析 care for 后接不定式时，要省略for,或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作照顾讲时与look after相同。在初中阶段学习与for有

21、关的词组有：ask for 请求 call for 接人，请人 care for 关心go in for 从事 answer for 负责 look for 寻找wait for 等待 send for 请人 pay for 付款search for 寻找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 准备thank somebody for something 为某事向某人道谢。 误 Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it. 正 Do you understand it? Yes, I got it. 析 understand这一词没有进行

22、时态，如同感观动词love、hate I got it 是美语，即I understood it。要记住get 作为到达讲时是不及物动词，如：Ill get to the school at 8 a. m.初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下： belong to 属于 come to 苏醒 point to (at) 指着get to 到达 refer to 谈到 stick to 坚持lead to 导致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望agree to 同意 误 The meat has gone badly. 正 The meat has gone bad.

23、析 英语中go, get, become, turn作为转变时，其后接形容词，这时这些动词应被看作系动词。 误 The teacher said the earth moved around the sun. 正 The teacher said the earth moves around the sun. 析如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时，则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实，所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。 误 Ill come to see you as soon as Ill be back. 正 Ill come

24、 to see you as soon as I am back. 析 在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来，如：I should tell him when he came back. 误 I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not. 正 I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not. 析在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时，依然要用一般现在时表示将来，如：I want to know if it

25、 rains tomorrow youll come here or not. 误 What did you do at eight last night? 正 What were you doing at eight last night? 析在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday 误 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go with them, because I h

26、ave seen it before. 正 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go with them because I had seen it before. 析现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点，它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时；如动作截止到过去，用过去完成时。例如：Ive learnt English for three years.(到现在为止)又如：Before I went to college, I had learnt English for thr

27、ee years. (动作截止到上大学那时，即截止于过去) 误 Im feeling well now. 正 I feel well now. 析瞬间动词有些无进行时态，它们是：表示思维状态的词：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want 表示感情的动词：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear 表示状态的词：belong, own 感观动词： feel, hear, see， smell, taste 误 When hav

28、e you done this work? 正 When did you do this work? 析 when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。 误 This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries. 正 This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries. 析 have gone to 是到某地去了，此人现在不在这里。have been to 是到过某地，现在此人在说话现场。 误 I have bo

29、rrowed this book for two weeks. 正 I have kept this book for two weeks. 析截止性动词有完成时态，但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun. 但要讲 When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday. 我昨天买的这本书。 I have had this book for two days. 这本书我已买了两天了。 I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。 I have been in this club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。 My father died five years ago. 我父亲是5年前去世的。 My father has been dead for five yea