桥梁专业外文翻译现代桥梁美学的发展空间.docx

1、桥梁专业外文翻译现代桥梁美学的发展空间中文3877字Expressing space force system and inheriting humanismThe Space For Modern Bridge Aesthetics DevelopmentPan FangAbstract The harmony of mechanics and aesthetics is the logical basis for the existence and the development of bridge aesthetics. When force-bearing properties of

2、space force system are woven into bridge design, the spirits of sculpture are instilled into bridge structures. And the intervention of the tradition of humanities converts bridges into spatial-temporal sequences that embody local conventional character and recur to bridges genius loci. The combinat

3、ion of both provides many alternatives of the development of modern bridge aesthetics.Keywords space force system the tradition of humanities bridge aesthetics“We think our civilization near its meridian,but we are yet only at the cock-crowing and the morning star.” -Emerson, Ralph Waldo1. Present s

4、tatusNowadays, there are two mainstreams in bridges development. One is the trend of extra long-span bridges, and another is the urbanization of middle-span or small-span bridges. These two trends exactly correspond to two features of bridges.The first one is the cultural function of bridge serving

5、as a symbol of critic or national character additional to its conventional function to support loads .The giant exposed elements of bridges inherently embody humans strength, courage and will to conquer the river. And this is especially true in extra long-span bridges .Another obvious character of b

6、ridge is that it enables people to occupy the space owned by river. As a result ,on one hand, human attaches to the space where he originally belongs to, on the other hand he can move back and forth between banks. That makes him feel simultaneously interior and exterior, openness, freedom and protec

7、tion. This experience of passengers comes through the stream of complex interplay of structure itself and its surroundings.Up to now, experience accumulated on space force systems guarantees the credibility of such complex structures as cable-arch structures and bridges subjected to gale. And advanc

8、ed computer-aided design facilitates visualization of three-dimensional model of the structure under discussion. Technological restrains is loosening. At the same time, bridge aesthetics begin to thrive .Genius loci, namely, spirits of place, are desired, which are deeply rooted in the tradition of

9、humanities. Different connects are well arranged to display a spatial-temporal sequences which arouse resonance of visitors.The maturity of bridge design technique and the emphasis on humanism and tradition are prerequisites of progress of bridge aesthetics. 2. Potential space latent in space force

10、system2.1 Theoretical supportAdmittedly, conventional procedures for bridge design have a deep influence on bridge aesthetics. Because the loads on bridges are more complex than that on buildings, in the concept design stage, architecture is involved much less. And before the introduction of compute

11、r-aided design software, almost all bridges were simplified into two-dimension structures in order to avoid the solution of large scale linear programming. Unfortunately, this artifice has its side-effect. It neglects bridge is a structure of three-dimension who has abundant expressive forces. Conse

12、quently, the similarity between different bridges and the stiffness in their appearance occur.Then how to elicit the vigor inside bridges when we are liberated form calculation to some extent? Reverting to bridges original nature of a giant sculpture is an optimal choice. As a three-dimension struct

13、ure, bridge demands designers not only mentally to visualize a complex form from all round itself, to identify its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight, to realize its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air, but also the accurate expression of the internal ways to transfer loads

14、, where lies the difference between bridges and common sculptures. The critical step is weaving invisible load paths into the nature of bridge mold. The example below illustrates that.The oneness of aesthetics and mechanics is the logical basis for the concept advocated above. For designers, the wor

15、k doesnt rest on that primary level. Familiarity with the behavior of space force system is desired, which includes static loads distribution, structural dynamic response to winds, waves, and cozy extent for passengers.Different results come out when bridges mainy resist different loads. If bridge i

16、s mainly subjected to static loads, for an instance, the structure weight, spectators passing through it will perceive the power and the frozen movement of it. And if dynamic, for example, wind, the security springs from bridges protection.2.2 Analysis of examples2.2.1 Cable-arch structure Campo Vol

17、antin Footbridge, across River Nervion, in Bilbao, Spain, tells an exact story of how a leaning arch keeps stable in the weave of cables. The construction system is a steel inclined parabolic arch with glass decking. The tortuous deck of the single-spanned footbridge is suspended on the leaning arch

18、, and the very warp echoes to the stream of visitors from lower reaches of the river. Balance is achieved by properly setting leaning arch, which sustains most of the loads, and the horizontal curving deck. The arch is across the footpath, structurally supported by scattered cables, and at the same

19、time, main beam is simplified into a steel well-proportioned tube.Fig.2 shows.The record of designs evolution showed how the typical arch is gradually weakened, and the geometrical form become more and more complex, which emphasize the impression of movement. Along the interior side of its curving d

20、eck, there is a series of low weight cables, each of which links the arch and horizontal deck, weaving a beautiful curve by gradually changing the very angle. In a vertical plane, all cables extend outward, whose imaginary focus alludes a rotary trend different from the axis of the steel arch. The f

21、orces generate a curve at the top of arch. Additionally, straight side of arch and cables converging in the middle of the arch form a peculiar combination ultimately. The piers not only transfer the concentrated loads to the ground equably but also serve as circumscription between the location and t

22、he abstract space occupied by bridge itself.An apparent disequilibrium or rather a sense of frozen movement is heightened by the lightness of the structure. Scattered sunlight of Basque casts continuously varied shadow on these neat compressed bars, achieving dramatic effect.2.2.2 TrussAnother repre

23、sentative is Wettstein Bridge across Rhine, in Basel, Switzerland. The main arches secedes other auxiliary elements to express separately, who sustain the all weight of bridge. The oblique truss arch dramatically eliminates both its own weight and the ponderosity of profile. It does reach one milest

24、one of creating the opportunity to install thinner across section. In order to distribute the concentrated load into the side-push load path and to strengthen the compressed arch, it is of structural importance to reinforce the longitudinal stiffness. This desired stiffness is provided by a pair of

25、tetrahedrons, whose lower chords, constituting an even curve, properly serve as foil to the outline of main arch. As a whole, the details of this bridge explain more on how loads are transferred through nodes and how nodes influence stress field.Fig.3 shows. This design embodies a typical bridge aes

26、thetic style of middle Europe. The bridge towers, the classical basic proportion and the details of steel structure all remind people of the ancient bridges in Vienna or Paris. 2.2.3 Slope and curved bridgeThe giant volume of Kumamoto Bridge connects three islands of Amakusa-shoto in the South Japan

27、. Fishery has a long history, which creates a harmonious relationship between local inhabitants and natural environment. So this emotional need must be properly responded to. The curved line can meets this demand, but it will generate a rotary trend of movement. As an important connect among three i

28、slands, the higher traffic capacity is a vital factor. Whats more, gale often appears in beachfront, which should be considered along with the expected traffic flow.The ultimate design is a slope and curved bridge with repetitive steel box section. The outlook is like a huge arch, which curves, cont

29、orts, and ascends. At the first glance, its appearance doesnt measure up to the curve style highway engineers are used to, which is imposed on natural topography and results in discordance with surroundings in many American freeways executed. Fortunately, Kumamoto Bridge blends well with its locatio

30、n and echoes to the islands it connects in space. And the simplicity in both structure and appearance resists the danger to become a daredevil manmade structure or to exaggeratedly express its mobility.Fig.4 show.Full-depth box section is good at being contorted, and hence it can resist the rotary t

31、rend of movement of the huge prominent curve. The concave defense boards are set along the edge of deck. They have been adjusted according to wind tunnel results to make pavement and bikeway are in area where airflow stands almost still. Thus it protects passengers from the gale. Wind tunnel experim

32、ents are also used to improve section shape. The optimal curved surface of bottom is chosen in order to smooth airflow and consequently improve the efficiency of the contorted box.The arrangement of suspending light-weight elements over large-scale structures reminds people of Japanese architectures

33、 in early stage, which use large block of stones as foundations and comparatively light timbers for superstructures. The piers are prisms with right angles, which add solemnity to the bridge and intensively contrast to gentle curved bottom. The steel beam is sustained on the spherical pillars, which activi