1、考研英语试题及参考答案 真正免费下载2012年研究生英语考试试题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SH
2、EET 1(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation for bei
3、ng independent and impartialJustice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code At the very least, the court sho
4、uld make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciaryThis and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politicsThe framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics They gave justices p
5、ermanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental soc
6、ial _15_ like liberty and property When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjustThe justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the co
7、de of conduct That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law1 Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2 Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3 Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4 Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted5 Aadvanced Bcaugh
8、t Cbound Dfounded6 Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7 Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies8 Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9 Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10 Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11 Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12 Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13 Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer14 Aguarded Bfol
9、lowed Cstudied Dtied15 Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions16 Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols17 Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18 Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore19 Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable20 Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a resultSection II Re
10、ading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when w
11、e hear the words peer pressure It usually leads to no gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dyna
12、mics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the wordRosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a statesponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool In South Afri
13、ca, an HIVprevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peersThe idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer Her critique of the lameness of many pubichealth campaigns is spoton: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, a
14、nd they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology” Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to t
15、ake a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressureBut on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerf
16、ul The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixedTheres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous
17、 influence on our behavior An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every dayFar less certain, however, is how
18、 successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with betterbehaved classmates The tactic never really works And thats the problem with a social cure
19、 engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends21 According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22 R
20、osenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23 In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effect
21、ively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a longlasting social effect24 Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative he
22、alth habits25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a dealexcept, apparently ,when Entergy is involved The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last we
23、ek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulationsInstead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its
24、 Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running Its a stunning moveThe conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from sta
25、te regulators to operate past 2012 In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislatures approval Then, too, the company went alongEither Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt foresee wha
26、t would happen next A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management especially after the company made misleading statements abou
27、t the pipe Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extensionNow the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues The
28、legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork r
29、egulations that could result if every state sets its own rules But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the pointThe company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state But there should
30、be consequences Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years But as the Nuclea
31、r Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth26 The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3para1) is closest in meaning toA condemningB reaffirmingC dishonoringD securing27 By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulatorsB seek favor from
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