高考化学总复习无机化学方程式完整版.docx

1、高考化学总复习无机化学方程式完整版高考化学总复习无机化学方程式（完整版）非金属单质（F2 ，Cl2 , O2 , S, N2 , P , C , Si） 1, 氧化性：F2 + H2 = 2HFF2 +Xe(过量)=XeF22F2（过量）+Xe=XeF4nF2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金属)2F2 +2H2O=4HF+O22F2 +2NaOH=2NaF+OF2 +H2OF2 +2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2 +2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI =2NaF+I2F2 +Cl2 (等体积)=2ClF3F2 (过量)+Cl2=2ClF37F2(过量)+I2 =2IF7Cl2 +H2

2、 =2HCl3Cl2 +2P=2PCl3Cl2 +PCl3 =PCl5Cl2 +2Na=2NaCl3Cl2 +2Fe=2FeCl3Cl2 +2FeCl2 =2FeCl3Cl2+Cu=CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2 +2NaI =2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HClCl2 +Na2S=2NaCl+SCl2 +H2S=2HCl+SCl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HClCl2 +H2O2 =2HCl+O22O2 +3Fe=Fe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2=H2S2S+C=CS2S+Fe=FeSS+2Cu=Cu2S3S+2Al=Al2

3、S3S+Zn=ZnSN2+3H2=2NH3N2+3Mg=Mg3N2N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+3Ba=Ba3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NN2+6K=2K3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3NP4+6H2=4PH3P+3Na=Na3P2P+3Zn=Zn3P22还原性S+O2=SO22S+3O2=2SO3S+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4 HNO3(稀)=3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2=2PX3 （X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2=PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F

4、2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl42C+O2(少量)=2COC+O2(足量)=CO2C+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2=Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2=SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2=SiO2Si+C=SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H23，（碱中）歧化Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化）Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2=CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH（热，浓）=5KCl+KClO3

5、+3H2O3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH（浓）+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO=CaC2+CO3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO二，金属单质（Na，Mg，Al，Fe）的还原性2Na+H2=2NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O2=Na2O22Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4（熔融）=4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2=MgCl2Mg+Br2=MgBr22Mg+O2=

6、2MgOMg+S=MgSMg+2H2O=Mg（OH）2+H22Mg+TiCl4（熔融）=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3（钝化）4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H

7、2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡 Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn)三, 非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,

8、H2S,NH3)1,还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7

9、+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)=2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22,酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量）2HF+CaCl2=CaF2

10、+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2=2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3，碱性：NH3+HCl=NH4ClNH3+HNO3=NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）4，不稳定性：2HF=H2+F22HCl=H2+Cl22H2O=2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2S=H

11、2+S2NH3=N2+3H2四，非金属氧化物低价态的还原性： 2SO2+O2=2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2=SO3+NO2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2）2CO+O2=2CO2CO+CuO=Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O=CO2+H2氧化性： SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI

12、=K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu=4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg=2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg=2MgO+Si3,与水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO43NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3P2O5+H2O=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O=2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO

13、3)CO2+H2O=H2CO34,与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,再用H2SO4处理: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(过量)=Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2五,金属氧化物1,低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO