定语从句全.docx

1、定语从句全英语基础语法定语从句定语从句的三个重要概念1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如：The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句

2、子充当。The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(先行词是名词) Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(先行词是代词) His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。(先行词是句子) 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做

3、关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词作用：（1）不仅起连接作用，引导定语从句（2）代替先行词（3）在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：如：Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who) There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你

4、的人。(引导词but) He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。 (引导词where) This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he

5、 arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)T

6、he teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)He has

7、a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代

8、替，why可用for which代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has

9、 closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)(2) Ill never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)(3) The reason (why)

10、she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)什么叫关系代词 什么叫关系代词？简单地说，它是用于引导定语从句的代词。我们之所以把引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词，是因为它们具有关联作用，能把引导的从句与所修饰的词语联系起来。英语中的关系代词不多，主要有 that, who, whom, whose, wh

11、ich, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人，which, as 只用于指物，whose, that 既可于指人也可指物。关系代词在定语从句主要用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如：Did you find the pen which you lost? 你的钢笔找到了吗?句中的which为关系代词，由它引导的定语从句which you lost修饰名词the pen，which在定语从句中用作宾语，它也可以换成that，或省略。A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller. 开店售书的人叫做书商。句中的who为关系代词，由它

12、引导的定语从句who sells books in a shop修饰名词a man，who在定语从句中用作主语。谈谈分离型定语从句所谓语分离型定语从句，主要指的是定语从句与它所修饰的先行词之间被其他词隔开的情形。分离型定语从句主要有以下两种类型：1. 先行词与定语从句被状语隔开。如：He found the dictionary there he was looking for. 他在那儿找到了他在找的词典。I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。2. 将定语从句置于句末。如：Somet

13、hing was going to happen that was to change the world. 当时有件事就要发生，这件事将改变世界的面貌。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新的老师教你们德语了。The day will come when we will all have robots. 人人都有机器人的时代，总有一天会来临的。注意，分离定语从句的使用主要是出于平衡句子结构或强调的原因，并且使用这类结构必须以句子不至于产生歧义为前提，否则就不要使用这类句子。如：He hid the

14、gun in the cellar which his wife found.这个句子是有岐义的：如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the cellar，则句子意思为：他把枪藏在他妻子发现的地下室里。如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the gun（属分离修饰），则句子意思为：他把妻子发现的枪藏在地下室里。 that与which的用法区别两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：用WHICH的情况：1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：The current, which is very rapid, makes the riv

15、er dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。The do

16、cuments for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。He had a couple of