1、牛津译林版八年级全册语法知识点总结8A语法Unit 1 Friends形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则 1.规则变化: (1)一般形容词 +er +est (shorter, smaller, smallest )(2)以 e 结尾的形容词 +r +st (nicer, larger, largest)(3)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词 变 y 为 i 再 +er, est (busier, busiest; heavier, heaviest) (4)以重读闭音节结尾的形容词 双写辅音字母+er, est 熟记:大(big)热(hot)天,一个穿红(red)衣浑身湿(wet)透的伤感(sad
2、)胖(fat) 子想要变得又瘦(thin)又苗条(slim)2.不规则变化 (1)good(well)-better-best (2) many(much)-more-most (3)ill(bad, badly)-worse-worst (4) far-farther (further)-farthest (furthest) (5) little-less-least (6) few-fewer-fewest 3.多音节的形容词比较级和最高级在词前加 more , most delicious-more delicious-the most delicious popular-more p
3、opular-the most popular 注意: 1 形容词的最高级前必须有 the, 而副词的最高级前 the 可省略 2.比较级前常用 a bit, a little, much, a lot, even, far 等词表示程度. 3.形容词比较级用来比较两者(人或事)句中常有 than; 形容词最高级用来比 较三者或三者以上(人或事), 句中常有 in 或 of 短语表示比较范围. 4. as+adj.+as (和-一样-) / not as/so +adj.+ as (不如-,不及-) Unit 2 School life 一、比较事物的数量1.many (修饰可数名词)much
4、 (修饰不可数名词)-more -mostmore + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + than 比数量多e.g. I have more friends than you. 2.few (修饰可数名词) -fewer-fewestlittle (修饰不可数名词)-less-leastfewer +可数名词复数+ than 比数量少 e.g. There are fewer boys than girls in our class.less + 不可数名词+than 比数量少 e.g. I spend less money on food than my sister.3.the fewes
5、t +可数名词复数 在中最少 He has the fewest books. 4.the least +不可数名词 在中最少 She has the least money of us. 5.the most + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 最多 Daniel has the most money.二、副词的比较级和最高级(构成方法及用法与形容词基本相同)1.一般在词尾直接加er或est,例如, hard-harder-hardest fast-faster-fastest loud-louder-loudest2、部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高
6、级,例如: slowly-more slowly-most slowly clearly-more clearly-most clearly carefully-more carefully-most carefully3、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化 well-better-best badly-worse-worstfar-farther/further-farthest/furthestUnit 3 A day out一、 asas的用法表示A与B在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词/副词原级。 (1)肯定句中的结构:“A+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B”, 和某人或某物一样.的如:E
7、nglish is as interesting as Chinese. 英语和语文一样有趣。 Dan studies as hard as his brother. Dan和他的哥哥学习一样刻苦。(2)否定句中的结构:“A+not as /so+形容词/副词原级+as+B”, 表示”A不如B” 如:This book isnt as/so new as that one. 这本书不如那本书新。 Jim doesnt dance as/so well as Daniel. 吉姆没有丹尼尔跳舞跳得好。(3) not as/so .as 是同级比较,可以和比较级互相转换例如: Nanjing is
8、 not as/so big as Shanghai. = Nanjing is smaller than Shanghai. = Shanghai is bigger than Nanjing.Diving isnt as interesting as swimming. = Diving is less interesting than swimming. = Swimming is more interesting than diving. (4)只有同类的事物才能比较His house is as big as me.()His house is as big as mine.()(5
9、)表示“A是B的倍”时,用“A+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。 (一倍:once;二倍:twice; 三倍以上:数字+times) 如:Our school is three times as big as theirs. 我们学校是他们学校的三倍大。 The table is twice as long as that one. 这张桌子是那张桌子的两倍长。二、反身代词的用法1.单 数 复数myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself themselvesherselfitself2.常和反身代词连用的动词短语。enjoy oneself 过
10、得开心,玩得愉快 look after oneself = take care of oneself 照顾自己 hurt oneself 伤到某人自己 help oneself to 请随便吃wash oneself 洗澡 make by oneself 自己做 , 独立完成dress oneself穿衣 buy for oneself / buy oneself sth给自己买东西 look at oneself in the mirror照镜子 say to oneself 自言自语 来源:学科网 teach oneself= learn by oneself 自学 hide onesel
11、f隐藏某人自己come to oneself苏醒 make yourself at home 别拘束 leave sb by oneself 把某人单独留下 lose oneself 迷失方向,迷路(1)for oneself (用作副词)1) 为了自己,例如: She kept the biggest piece of pie for herself. 她把最大的一块馅饼给了自己。2) 亲自,独自,独立(做),相当于 without being helped,与by oneself 同义。例如: You should work out the problem for yourself. 你应
12、该独立解决这个问题。(2)by oneself (用作副词)1) 独自一人(= alone),例如: She used to sit by herself and read. 她从前常常独自坐着看书。2) 独立地,单独地=without help,与for oneself 同义。如: He finished it by himself. 他独立完成那件事。注意:反身代词和它所指代的对象在人称、性别、数上必须保持一致。反身代词在句中不能单独作主语。Unit 4 Do it yourself一、祈使句的用法1.定义:祈使句表示命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等,谓语动词用原形,其否定形式就
13、是在句首加Dont。2.祈使句的类型:(1)行为动词类型:Open the door,please!请把门打开!Dont open the door,please!请不要开门!(2)以let开头的祈使句:Let me go there.让我去那儿吧。(3)“Be+形容词”类型:Be careful! 小心!(4)“No+名词动名词”类型:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!(5)祈使句的反义疑问句的简略疑问句,一般用will you?但是Lets.句型后加shall we?二、用should,had better等提建议。(1) Would you likelove(to do) sth.?这是
14、一个很委婉的表示建议的句型,并带有与对方商量的意味,意为“你想要(做)吗?”。(2) Shall Iwe do sth?此句型是用来提建议或征求对方意见的,意为“我(们)做好吗?”,语气委婉,商量的语气较浓。(3)Lets do sth.当你觉得可以直截了当地向对方提出建议,让对方和自己一起去做某事时,常用该句型,意为“咱们做吧。”该句型后常加附加问句“shall we?”,使语气更加委婉。(4)主语+had better (not) do sth.该句型用于表示对下级、晚辈的劝告,往往带有命令、强制的语气,意为“某人最好(不要)做某事”。(5) Why dont you/we do sth.
15、?表示向对方提出一种建议或询问某种原因,暗含有责备对方的意思,意为“为什么不?”。(6) What/How about (doing) sth.?如果是在讨论式的谈话中,可用该句型提出一个建议或引出一个新话题。(7) You should (not) do.,此句型意为“你(不)应该做”。should的语气比had better要委婉。Unit 5 Wild animals一、情态动词may的用法1、当我们猜测某事发生的可能性时,常用may来表示“也许”、“可能”。may表示“可能”时,通常只用于肯定句和否定句中,相当于possibly、perhaps或maybe。The news may be true.= Maybe Perhaps the news is true. 这个新闻可能是真的。The news may not be true.= Maybe Perhaps the news isnt tru
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