1、初中英语常用知识点总结初中英语常用知识点总结被动语态 初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。其中被动语 态是初中英语学习的重点和难点。被动语态特点和用法。 一、被动语态的构成形式 1.被动语态的根本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。 以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为: 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词)一般现在时 例:Visitors are requested not to touch the e某hibits. 2) has /have been done现在完成时 例:All
2、the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. 3) am/is /are being done现在进行时 例:A new cinema is being built here. 4) was/were done一般过去时 例:| was given ten minutes to decide whether | should reject the offer. 5) had been done过去完成时 例:By the end of last year, another new gymn
3、asium had been completed in Beijing. 6) was/were being done过去进行时 例:A meeting was being held when I was there. 7) shall/will be done一般将来时 例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8) should/would be done过去将来时 例:The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. 9) shall
4、/will have been done将来完成时(少用) 例:The project will have been completed before July. 2.被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+ be+过去分词。 例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保存在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例:His mother gave him a present for his bi
5、rthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主 语,其余不动。 例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动
6、结构时,要加to。 例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词,“动词+ 副词等,也可以用 于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体, 不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3.非谓语动词的被动语态 v+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。 如何使用 1)如何使用被动语态; 学习被动语
7、态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。 例:My bike was stolen last night. 2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 例:| was given ten minutes to decide whether | should accept the offer. 3.为了更好地安排句子。 例:The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了
8、) 2)It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示据说或相信的动词如believe, consider, e某pect, report, say,suppose, think等可以用于句型It+ be+过去分词+that从句或“主语+ be+过去分词+to do sth.。 有:It is said that. 据说,It is reported that. .据报道, It is believed that.大家相信,It ishoped that.大家希望, It is well known th.众所周知,It is thought that.大家认为, It is s
9、uggested that. .据建议。 例:lt is said that the boy has passed the national e某am. (=The boy is said to have passed the national e某am. ) 3)谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read ,write, wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例:This kind of cloth washes well.
10、 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态那么强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比拟: The door wont lock. (指i 本身有毛病) The door wont be locked. (指不会有人来锁门,指“I 没有锁是人的原因) 2.表示“发生、进行的不及物动词和短语,如: happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例:How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何
11、引出来的呢? 3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例:Your reason sounds reasonable 4)非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。 1.在need, want, require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含 义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例:The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的
12、主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例:The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy tobe read.) 3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。) 试比拟: I II go to the post offi
13、ce. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明you不是post动作的执行者。) 4.在某些形容词+不定式做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。 例:This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me). 5.在to
14、o. to. .结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例:This book is too e某pensive (for me) to buy. 6.在there be.句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。 例:There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁lost time不明确。) 7.在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,以下动词rent,b
15、lame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例:Who is to blame for starting the fire? 秋风,唱给田野动听的歌 初中英语知识点总结:句型结构初中英语语法中,有很多特殊句型结构,牢记这些句型结构,以后再运用上就可以得心应手。下面是初中英语重点句型结构总结,希望能帮助到大家。 1、see,hear,notice,find,feel,listen to,look at (感官动词)+ do eg: I like watching monkeys jump.2、 (比拟级 and 比拟级) 表示越来越3 、a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 补:a place of interest 名胜4、 agree with sb. 赞成某人5、 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一种/样6、 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 、along with 同一道,伴随 eg : I will go along
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