古书中的特殊读音.docx

1、古书中的特殊读音古书中的特殊读音一、古今字的读音 1、从语音角度来看，有一部分古字和今字的现代读音完全相同，例如:“止趾，要腰，采採，匡筐，然燃、皃貌、竟境、坐座、反返、面偭、顷倾、取娶、昏婚、具俱、辟避、舆歟、象像、辰晨、舍捨、戚慼、涂塗”等等。这些字在现代没有读音上的纠葛，在诵读古书、遇到古字时，都可用这些古字的现代普通话读音，因此他们不存在特殊读音问题。 2、但是另有一部分古字和今字，他们的现代读音却不相同，例如:“共供、岂恺、隶逮、它蛇、责债、莫暮、暴曝、两辆、立位、贾價、来徕、弟悌、知智、北背、被披、道導、说悦、卒猝、详佯、女汝、罷疲、信伸、冯慿、干岸”等等。这些字在现代有读音上的纠

2、葛，在诵读古书、遇到古字时，一般的处理方法是: a少数使用该字的现代普通话的读音，如: 说文解字“它”字下:“上古草居患它，故相问无它乎,”。 论语 季氏:“故远人不服，则修文德以来之。”这里的“来”的今字为“徕”。 诗经 魏风 伐檀:“坎坎伐檀兮，寘之河之干兮。”这里“干”的今字为“岸”。 b大多数则使用该古字的今字的现代普通话读音。如: 左传 僖公四年:“尔贡包茅不入，王祭不共。” 诗经 小雅 鱼藻:“王在在镐，岂乐饮酒。” 论语 卫灵公:“臧文仲其窃位者舆,知柳下惠之贤而不与立也。” 孟子 滕文公上:“布帛长短同，则贾相若。” 论语 学而:“学而时习之，不亦说乎,” 战国策 燕策:“群臣

3、惊愕，卒起不意，尽失其度。” 这两种不同的处理方法，在何种情况下取何种，完全是根据人们的upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature product

4、s as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability t

5、o the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic a

6、nd foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity

7、of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economi

8、cal and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 习惯，不过为了照顾语意的理解，我们认为后者的处理方法为好。由于后一种处理方法把古字读成不同于它现代普通话的读音(即今字的

9、读音)，因此对于这些古字来说，就形成了特殊的读音。 二、通假字的读音 1、一类是通假字与本字的现代读音完全一致，这类没有读音上的纠葛。如“谓为、芥介、视示、钧均、奉俸、错措、式轼、辨辩、以已、豫预、免娩、逝誓、熙嬉、燕宴、谊义、常尝、尔迩、蚤早、惠慧、无毋”等等。 2、另一类是通假字和本字的现代普通话读音不一致，如“亡无、能耐、有又、属嘱、矜鳏、害曷、爵雀、政征、归馈、矢誓、干涧、生性、章彰、敛殓、拂弼、适谪、亡忘、缪穆、耆嗜”等等。 a传统处理是绝大多数通假字按照本字的现代普通话读音来读，如: 论语 颜渊:“人皆有兄弟，我独亡。”无 淮南子 地形训:“食水者善游能寒。”耐 战国策 齐策:“使

10、人属孟尝君，愿寄食门下。”嘱 礼记 礼运:“矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。”鳏 诗经 周南 葛覃:“害澣(同浣)害否，归宁父母。”曷 韩非子 说林下:“人不能自止于足，而亡其富之涯乎。”忘 b只有极少数通假字仍依他们的现代读音来读。如: 诗经 小雅 斯干:“秩秩斯干，幽幽南山。”干通涧，仍读gn 左传 宣公二年:“三进及溜，而后视之。”溜通霤，读li，不读li 这样，对于绝大多数通假字来说，由于不按照他们自身的现代读音，而是按照本字的现代读音来读，也就形成了特殊的读音。 三、读破 读破是利用字词的读音变化来表示词义和词类的变化，这种读音的变化主要是声调的变化，即四声别义。其次也有利用声母的变化来表示

11、的。例如: 广韵:“朝”，陟遥切，早也;直遥切，朝廷也。 “見”，古电切，视也;胡甸切，露也。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature pro

12、ducts as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptabili

13、ty to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domest

14、ic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continu

15、ity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, eco

16、nomical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service “著”，张略切，服衣于身;直略切，附也。 “解”，佳贾切，讲也，说也;胡贾切，晓也。 “乐”，五角切，音乐;盧各

17、切，喜乐。 读破所造成的字音变化，有的一直沿用到现代普通话，但是也有大量的读破音没有被现代普通话所继承。原因有二: 1、读破音所造成的字词现代已经废弃不用，或者已由其它字词代替。如: 论语 公冶长:“子谓公冶长:可妻也。虽在縲絏(同绁)之中，非其罪也。以其子妻之。”妻，以女适人也，旧读q，此义今用嫁。 孟子 梁惠王上:“保民而王，莫之能御也。”王，成就霸业，旧读wng，此义今已不用。 2、汉语语音的不断简化，使原来有异的读音变得相同。如: 败:广韵:“以豉切，难易也，简易也;羊益切，变易。”两音合而为一。两音为去声入声之别，后因“入派三声”，两音合而为一。 1、我们读古书的时候，对于那些一直沿

18、用到现代汉语普通话的读破，当然是应该遵从的。 2、而对于那些并不为现代普通话所继承的读破，则可以根据一般的习惯，有的遵从读破音，如“王、衣、雨、从、闻、风、间、与、骑、语、解”等等，由于在古书中出现颇多，一般都遵从读破音。 3、有的就依照现代普通话的读音。而其他一些字，则一般就依照现代普通话的读音，如“去”，广韵丘倨切(q)，离也，羌举切(q)，除也，今一概读q。 当然，所谓遵从读破音，还是要限于现代普通话语音系统可能允许的范围内，并不是要求我们完全模仿古人的读音。 四、专有名词的读音 1、人名和称号 宓羲(伏羲)fx 夫差fchi 皋陶(咎繇)goyo 伍員wyn 契xi 句踐gujin 尼

19、父nf 趙衰zhocu 墨翟md 角里ll 叔孙婼shsncho 禽滑釐qnggl 且姚jyo 酈食其lyj 祭仲zhizhng 鉛陵卓子upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical produ

20、ct leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hier

21、archy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware devi

22、ce selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system sc

23、alability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technolo

24、gically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service ynlngzhuz 樊於期fnwj 亢倉子(亢桑子)gngsngz 召

25、伯shob 咸宣jinxun 解張jizhng 牟光mugung 不準fuzhn 逢蒙(逢門)pngmn 龍且lngj 繁延壽pynshu 種暠chngha 曹大家codg 汗明hanmng 可汗khn 能勝之naishengzhi 單于chny 万俟卨moqixie 閼氏(焉提)ynzh 尉遲恭ychgng 冒頓md 蓋寬饒gkunro 呼韓邪hhny 猗頓ydn 昆邪(渾耶)hny 兒寬nkun 谷蠡ll 眭弘suhng 區冶uy 金日磾jnmd 2、地名 於陵wlng 宛朐yunq 鎬京hojng 龍兌lngdu 不羹blng 陽夏yngji 會稽kuij 番禺pny 番陽pyng 葉s

26、h 阿房宮pnggng 費b 六合lh 蔚y 卷縣qunxin 華不注hufzh 祝其zhj 天姥山tinmshn 東阿dng 繁峙fnsh 瀧水shungshu 黽池minch 莘shn 黽阨mng 台州tizhu 祖厲jul 令狐lngh 渦河guh 令居linj 櫟陽lyng upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and ma

27、ture of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering

28、and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together a

29、nd combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, follow

30、ing international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redunda

31、ncy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements ch

32、ange. And ensures after-sales service 犍為qinwi 蒲姑bg 査瀆zhd 休屠xich 句凟gudu 烏氏wzh 允吾qiny 邏些(邏娑)lusu 3、國家和民族名 龜玆qi(或ji)c 身毒yund 大宛dyun 烏 wh 康居kngq 婼羌ruqing 月氏ru(yu)zh 且末jm 扜彌wm 吐谷渾tyhn 高句麗gogul 熏育(葷粥)xny 健馱羅qintulu 先零xinlin 廧咎如qinggor 吐蕃tb(或fn) 4、物名 射干ygn 無射wy古十二律之一。位于戌，故亦指阴历九月 周景王所铸钟名。后亦泛指大钟。 5、官职名 寺人shrn 追师dush 冯相氏pngxingsh 卝人kungrn 廧夫 条狼氏dlngsh 红女 蜡氏 庶氏 upg