《研究生英语综合教程》参考翻译.docx

1、研究生英语综合教程参考翻译it Four我国在世界上的竞争力很高兴有机会为贵校系列经济研讨会举行开幕式，因为我认为，在经济飞速变化的当今时代，教育界起着至关重要的作用。我国的企业和工人面临一系列强大力量，这些力量将影响今后我国在世界上的竞争能力。成功地使工人和管理人员做好准备，驾驭这些力量，将是决定结果的一个重要因素。其中最核心的力量，是计算机和电信技术的加速发展。人们有理由地期望，这种发展将使我们在21世纪的生活水平显著提高。但是，在短期内，飞速的科技变革产生这样一种情况，其中多数管理人员与工人借以工作的工厂和设备的更迭速度加快，给人这样一种感觉，即人的技能正以美国历史上前所未有的速度老化过

2、时。我将设法把这一极不寻常的现象放在我国经济大变革的背景下来探讨，并希望说明，教育，尤其是提高高级技能，对今后我国经济的增长为何如此重要。几乎可以肯定，财富的创造都是伴随着人们利用日益增长的知识和不断增长的资本，生产出有价值的商品和服务。借助各种市场价格，企业家们竭力弄清那些人们看重的各类产品和服务。一个世纪之前，至少我们许多的努力是用于生产衣食住行方面的产品。只有当农作物产量提高，蒸汽动力得以开发，纺织业效率提高时，现有的工作时间才能腾出来进行提供和消费选择性较大的商品和服务。我们制造汽车和冰箱，学会如何用越来越少的投入生产这些产品。随着这些商品进入大多数家庭，人们转而将精力用于创造较少受体

3、积限制的高价值商品，如体积较小的晶体管电器，并进而提供各种无形服务医疗、教育、娱乐和旅行等。对每种商品或服务的各种特性分类定价，有助于其对每个人产生最大价值的价值最大化。努力扩大选择，以满足个人的特定需求，必将导致从比较直接地利用物质资源和劳动力，转变为利用思想和概念或更笼统地说利用信息去创造价值。因此，毫不奇怪，在过去这个世纪中，美国实物实际国内总产值的最大一部分增长，归因于新的见解，更宽泛地说，归因于新的知识如何重新安排客观物质，以实现更高的生活水平。自本世纪以来，我国实物实际国内总产值中的物质实物投入，不论以体积或重量论，对经济增长的贡献都很有限。例如，我们用晶体管取代真空电子管，使收音

4、机的体积大为缩小。细小的光纤电缆取代了巨大的成吨重的铜线。有了新的建筑技术、工程技术和材料技术，建造相同建筑面积的楼房所用的材料比五十年或一百年前少得多。最近，由于移动手机的改进，其体积大为缩小。由于在技术上已可以细分使产品互有区别，以符合消费者经常提出的越来越细的选择，知识创造和转让的价值已提高。因此，我国先进的计算机及电信产品具有极高的价值，在知识领域成功创新的计算机公司及电信公司的股市价值特别高的原因，都是不难理解的。可以期待，信息和其他技术的普及和有效应用，将使生产率大幅提高，使企业成本大为降低。当然，我们已经可以看到，质量控制的明显改进，已大幅减少代价极高的废品率和因此而损失的时间。

5、而运用计算机和卫星技术研发出的更为复杂而精准盘存系统明显提高了货物流通的效率。新技术已广泛用于服务部门，例如在保健服务方面，诊断和治疗的改进特别令人难忘，还有在航空效率和安全方面，以及目前由文字处理、电传及语音邮件和电子邮件为主要设备的办公服务方面等。技术的加速发展还与金融创新的迅速增加相辅相成，现在，通过全球网络几乎可以瞬间传递商业服务和金融交易。金融设备日益多样化，产品日益个性化以符合客户要求，市场竞争更加激烈。我国金融领域的范围和规模迅速扩大，这缘于其能够迅速为具有很高市场价值的产品和服务融资。在此背景下，美国经济增长的前景，将在很大程度上取决于我国开发和应用新技术的能力。遗憾的是，我们

6、发现，我们永远无法准确地预测哪种技术或哪几种技术，会极大地增长我们知识和从中获益的能力。美国是否能继续成功地从技术进步中获益，这将取决于我们的企业处理风险和不确定性的能力。此外，由于科技在世界的迅速传播，我国将比以往任何时候都难以保持新思想和产品的领先。不过，在将科技突破转化为商品方面，我们尚未落后。近来各种暂时的迹象表明，生产率增长可能在加快。即使结果并非像我们希望的那么好，但今后仍有可能因采用计算机和通讯系统而大幅提高效率。而过去的创新，例如电力的问世或汽油发动机的发明，需要建设大量基础设施，其潜力才能得到充分发挥。此外，要充分有效地实现科技进步的效益，要求对管理人员和工人进行大量的人员培

7、训投入，因为他们必将运用各种创新；他们必须一生准备好适应创新带来的不断变化。广博的人力资本技能历来与高等教育有关，因此，对受过大学教育的工人的需求一直在迅速增长。结果是，在过去十五年中，仅有中学以下文凭就停止正规教育的工人的收入，与大学毕业生的收入相比，有了巨大的差距。不过，在教育程度相同的工人群体中，工资的差距也在扩大。这说明，较高的认识技能和领悟能力在广大的领域越来越重要，而基本的证书其本身不足以保证取得工作成功。显然，我们的教育机构将继续在培养工人达到这些需求方面起重要作用。重返正规教育的人数正在增加。针对这种强大的信号，向社会提供受过大学教育的劳动力一直在增加。传统的大学学龄青年的入学

8、率，在上世纪70年代变化很小，但此后已急剧上升。同时，二十五岁和二十五岁以上的人，入学率明显上升。在这些年龄较大的学生中，许多人可能是在力图跟上就业市场不断变化的新要求。实际上，工作性质不断变化，其重要的一个方面是，越来越多的工人可能必须在职业生涯中学习操作新工具。任何一级正规学位课程都可以精心设计以完全满足一生工作的要求，这种观念已受到挑战。因此，教育日益成为一项终身活动；各企业正在物色准备继续学习的雇员，许多行业的工人和管理人员已开始认识到，要保持他们的人力资本，就需要持之以恒的艰苦努力和灵活适应性。在私营部门，一些大公司投资开办内部训练中心，即所谓的公司大学。从长远看，好的家教和中小学基

9、础教育很重要，可为终身学习奠定基础。同时，我们一定要认识到，必须提高落伍者的技能和挣钱的能力。我们还必须拟订策略，克服为数太多的年轻人在教育方面的缺陷，并使那些不能适应变化的工作要求的工人更新技能。工人生产率的提高与学习密不可分，这一认识在学校和工作场所体现得最为明显，应鼓励企业与教育在教育系统各级扩大联系。教育机构与私营部门建立桥梁，其回报是毕业生面对全球知识经济的挑战，他们准备的优劣程度。21世纪的来临，必将给我们的企业、工人和教育系统带来新的挑战和新的可能性。我们无法知道，技术变革究竟会把我们引向何方。我们的经济体制和劳动力队伍将一如往昔努力做出调整，但我们必须认识到，调整并不是自动的。

10、经济结构的种种转变自然会产生磨擦和精神压力，至少暂时会这样。但是，如果我们能够增加对人、思想、工艺和机器的投资，我国经济就能迅速适应变化，并支撑不断提高的生活水平。Key to the exercisesText Analysis and Comprehension1. inaugurate the economic seminar series; education2. the accelerated expansion of computer and telecommunications technologies; our standard of living; the stock of

11、plant and equipment; obsolete at a higher rate.3. cars (or other modern products); refrigerators(or other modern products); crop yields increased, steam power was developed, textile fabrication became more efficient, and available work hours were freed; less constrained by limits of physical bulk; m

12、edical care; education; entertainment; travel4. physical resources and manual labor; ideas and concepts; information; how to rearrange physical reality to achieve ever-higher standards of living5. vacuum tubes; transistors; thin fiber optic cable; less physical material than was required 50 or 100 y

13、ears ago; downsize6. costly product rejects and lost time; improve the efficiencies of moving goods through more sophisticated, just-in-time, inventory systems.7. business services and financial transactions now are transmitted almost instantaneously across global network.8. develop and to apply new

14、 technology; the forefront of new ideas and products; the rapid international diffusion of technology.9. considerable infrastructure; the part of managers and workers who have to implement new processes and who must be prepared to adapt, over their lifetimes, to the ongoing change that innovations b

15、ring10. cognitive skills; conceptual abilities; lifelong; keep pace with the new demands evolving in the job market11. child-rearing; basic education at the elementary and secondary school levels; the education deficiencies of all too many of our young people; the skills of workers who have not kept

16、 up with the changing demands of the workplace; business; education12. C13. people, ideas, and processesCloze1. defined 2. wealth 3. exchange 4. economic 5. because6. needs 7. infinite 8. automobile 9. commodities 10.Common11. that 12. satisfied 13. same 14. feed 15. desiresWritingI. Error Correctio

17、n1. A pen can be defined as something with which we can write.2. When I want to get away from it all, there are three solitary pleasures I enjoy: walking quietly in the country, reading a good book, and listening to fine music.3. Another reason why modern toys soon lose their appeal is that they are

18、 made of plastic commonly.4. Jack was so drunk that he fell off the bike and lay by the road until the next morning.5. By the time the applicant makes up his mind, the offer will have been cancelled.6. You would be irritated if you watched the mail pile up on your desk every day.7. To be qualified f

19、or the job, one needs to have profound knowledge in electronics.8. The decision having been made, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.9. It has been proved that once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.10. He warned his son not to go into the forest alone because he was fearful that some wi

20、ld animals might hurt him.II. Sentence RefiningA) Refining by Combining1. We could spend our day off together shopping at the mall, or fishing.2. After keeping an item for just a few months, children want to throw it away and get something new.3. My sister, who is trying to teach me to play tennis,

21、says that my forehand and serve are all right, but I need to work on strengthening my backhand.4. Toni knows that she is not likely to get the vice-presidents job, but she wants the experience of applying for it.5. The boy kept his electric train carefully boxed so that he could give it to his cousi

22、n.6. Plastic costs almost nothing to make; and when painted in bright, vivid colors, it can see shiny and desirable.7. Pirates cove, a small town on the coast of Maine, resembles the old New England seaports depicted in paintings hanging in country inns and seafood restaurants.8. She had just arrive

23、d from a little town in the eastern Oregon, filled with ambition and dreaming of a great career in the theater.B) Refining by Eliminating Wordiness1. We must take a stand on this pressing issue.2. Mr. Henderson arrived late for work because he stopped at many red lights.3. The recently released repo

24、rt shows that many students like reading.4. Before the travel agent finished explaining the differences among the unique vacation packages his travel agency was offering, the customer changed her plan.III. Paragraph EditingIn modern society, more and more people think that the university should not

25、provide so much theoretical knowledge but give students more practical training. In my opinion, it is necessary for the university o offer students with more opportunities of practical training.University education aims at bringing up people well prepared for the society, which demands more practica

26、l ability now. However, many universities, without awareness of this fact, do not attach great importance to practical training, nor do they provide students with chances to practice what they have learnt. Students have to focus their study on books. Therefore after graduation, many students feel fr

27、ustrated when they find it hard to get a job or to adapt to the working requirements. This is the failure of university education.翻译技能要略之七：含义的反面表达1. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。2. 当纳赛尔由别人介绍与海卡尔见面时，他只简单地说：“我读过你写的文章，想不到你这样年轻。”3. 正如没有经历过大事的人一样，他是经不起成功也经不起失败的。4. 她的注意力集中得过分了；她做这工作，精神上和肉体上都用不着那样紧张。5. 我愿意接受你的建议。实际上，我太赞成

28、你的看法了。6. 趁他还没来得及阻拦我，我已经跑出了教室。7. 我将诸位聚集一起的目的是，我们共同努力来解决危机影响的必要性远远没有结束。8. 通常，我们读书时并没有一个明确统一的思想：要求小说要真实，诗歌可虚构，传记应颂扬，历史则应强化我们的成见。9. 多年来，我们取得了巨大的成就，比任何其他人都繁荣昌盛，如果要找这其中的答案，那就是在这片土地上我们最大限度地解放了人的能量和才华，这是前所未有的。10. 我想让你们毫无疑虑地明白在我任总统期间，无论涉及到谁，正义将得到公正地、完全地、客观地伸张。这个职务是一种神圣的信任，我下定决心不辜负这种信任。11. Such a tour will be

29、 a most rewarding experience.12. The old lady fell down from the stairs before she knew it.13. I am afraid the matter has quite escaped his memory.14. These basic principles must be kept in mind in our discussion.15. This organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the worl

30、d place in it.16. Sometimes the wronged forgets more easily than the wrongdoer.17. No one of us should ever forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it.18. We cannot fail to realize that the later developments in Chinese painting, especially those made by the poetic and idealistic

31、 landscape painters, have been great advances over the Tang artists.19. Yu Nan had a problem he couldnt talk about. His wife, Wanying, was just too virtuous; she gave him no pretext for divorcing her.20. The dethronement of Confucianism, therefore, will be assured when it is regarded not as the soli

32、tary source of spiritual, moral, and philosophical authority, but merely as one star in a great galaxy of philosophical luminaries.21. Great scientists of the past produced scientific ideas which were the basis for human advances, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were fully understood.22. More than sixty years have passed, and what happened in this drawing class is deeply engraved on my memory. Though Mr. Hu is no longer around, his smiles are still vivi