学术英语写作总结.docx

1、学术英语写作总结专业英语写作考点总结Part Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲 或宣读）。2、Organization usually has the follow

2、ing four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：wont改为will not(2) Use the more approp

3、riate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not.any改为no not.much改为little not.many改为few(3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a

4、textbook or other instructional materials). （避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not. （使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改为： It is nec

5、essary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6) Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该

6、使用割裂不定式） 例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇） 例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：Some inorgan

7、ic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.习题：（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? Therer

8、e a lot of possibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词Therere。改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing un

9、derground subway station can clearly be seen.（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground.（5）So far, there hasnt be

10、en any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not.any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.（6）There are some studie

11、s that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material. （7）These special tax laws have been enacte

12、d in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8）There isnt very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.错误：使用了there

13、 be 结构；使用了not.very much。改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing （专业写作的两个基本结构）1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）(1) general-specific structure （泛论

14、-特指(GS)结构）(2) problem-process-solution structure （问题-过程-解决方法）2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following: （GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）(1) A short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）(2) A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义）(3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述）(4) A statement of f

15、act. （事实陈述）3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超级坐标词）4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词 A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息 C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1). metal that is often used metal often used(2). device that is capable of d

16、evice capable of(3). roof which is on top of roof on top of (4). precipitation which results from precipitation resulting from(5). This sentence cannot be reduced.(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher - flute pitched an octave higher (7). a process that involves the selective transport a proce

17、ss involving the selective transport(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass a celestial body with approximately the same mass5、考题类型：句子排序 例题：P276、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类： 1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。 2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。7、Participle（分词）例题：P

18、39（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfection

19、s. It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.8、词和词型的变换 P23-P25Chapter 3 Data Commentary（数据信息解读）1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other kind of non-verbal illustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、 数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）2、Structure of D

20、ata Commentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述）B、Highlighting statements.（强调陈述内容）C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（对 内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论）3、Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和总结）A、Starting a Data Commentary.（开始数据解读）B、P

21、assives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在开始数据解读中的被动式）C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结 中的动词）D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（语言聚焦：连接词As引出的从句）Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（总结与摘要写作）1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主 要需求）(1) It should be f

22、ocused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（ 它应聚焦于来源文 本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点）(2) It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它应以 精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料）(3) It should condense the source m

23、aterial and be presented in the summary writers own words and avoid terminology.（ 它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的 文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）(4) Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提 供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度）2、写作总结的基本步骤 (1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标 题，试将文本分成几部分。(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在 处理哪种类

24、型的文本,即:来 源文本类型 (3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一 部分尽量写出一个一句话 的总结。 (5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但 必要时也要包括小的细节。(6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要写作的基本结构）（1）Topic sentence（主题句）（2）Supporting Sentences（佐证句）（3）Concluding Sentence（结论句）4、P70-P72的例句，写作时会用得上。5、Summary and Abstract

25、两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary 要分三段来写，abstract不分段。Part II Basal English Writing （基础英语写作）Chapter 1 Punctuation（标点符号）1、The comma（逗号）2、The period（句号）3、The semicolon（分号）4、The colon（冒号）5、The question mark（问号）6、The quotation mark（引号）7、The exclamation mark（感叹号）8、The dash（破折号）9、Italics and underlining（斜体字和下划线）1

26、0、练习题：P96-9711、本节所有的例句都要仔细看 Chapter 2 Vocabulary（词汇）1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具体）, and general（笼统） and specific（特指）. It also includes how to appreciate the connotative（引申含义） as well as denotative（字面含义，本义） meanings of words.2、English words can be categorized

27、 as（分为） formal, informal and colloquial（口 语的）.3、练习题：1/P1024、练习题：P109-P113Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英语句子写作）1、Types of sentences（句子的类型） P114（1）According to structure （根据结构）1simple sentences（简单句）2compound sentences（并列句：a、逗号加并列连词 b、分号，没有并列 连词 c、分号，连接副词及其后加逗号）3complex sentences（复合句：一个主句，一个或多个从句）

28、4compound-complex sentences（并列复合句）（2）According to use（根据功能）1declarative sentences （陈述句）2interrogative sentences （疑问句）3imperative sentences （祈使句）4exclamatory sentences （感叹句）（3）According to rhetoric （根据修辞）1loose sentences （松散句，主体部分放在前面）2periodic sentences （掉尾句，主体部分放在最后） 3balanced sentences （平行句）4long

29、and short sentences （长、短句） 2、练习题 （P121）（1）He thought the painting was of little value. He let me have it for only ten pounds.(Compound) 改为：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let me have it for on

30、ly ten pounds.）（2）I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic) 改为：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.（3）They were on holiday. Their house was broken into. Some valuable paintings were stolen.(Compound-complex) 改为：When they were on holiday, their house was br

31、oken into and some valuable paintings were stolen.（4）The firemen fought for three hours. They finally managed to put out the fire.(Complex) 改为：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire.（5）Nobody in this world is quite perfect. We all have some faults.(Compound) 改为：Nobody in this world is quite perfect; we all have some faults.（或者 Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.）（6）The train is goi