新托福听力口译笔记速记符号归总.docx

1、新托福听力口译笔记速记符号归总托福听力&口译笔记速记符号归总 英语笔记法的适用前提听力过关（五大支柱），听懂是做笔记的前提条件，如果听都没有听懂，又怎么可能去记？再好地记录能力都不可能创造信息本身。下面举例说明听力笔记的一些技巧： 1、不要大量记录文字（汉字、单词） 而要使用符号来表示意思（缩写、图形） Eg：“powerful country”记作“强口”， “我同意”记作“I ”；来源：考试大 “观点，看法一致”记作“ same”， “economic development”记作“经” 表示“上升、快速上升、快速发展、快速上涨等” 表示“下降、减少、急剧下降、急速下跌等”； ?表示“缓慢

2、上升，缓慢发展、缓慢上涨等”； 表示“返回，倒退等”; 表示“达到，至，导致，前进等”； +表示“加，增加，此外，另外，又加之”； 表示“减少，减”； 表示“多于，大于，强于”； 表示“少于，小于，不如”； 表示“因为，由于”； 表示“所以，因此”； =表示“等于，相同，与相同”。 t表示thousand; m； 表示million; b表示 billion;1st表示first。 2、不要横着写： 而要竖着写，竖起来记有利于保持活意思意思以及数量等信息之间的逻辑界限。 3、逻辑关系要清楚明了 不要记流水帐。以上是一些通行的的原则。通行的原则存在，通行的方式却不存在，这是因为每个人的对记录符号

3、的使用可能是多样的，同一事物不同的人可能会使用不同的符号，同一符号在不同的人意识中肯能代表不同的意思。目录1.Note-taking symbols and abbreviations2.关于缩略词3.关于字母和图像4.用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A

4、good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math - these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example dept = department Use only the first syllable

5、of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. as

6、soc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = e

7、stimate bkgd = background gvt = government Use an apostrophe in place of letters. amt = amount contd = continued govt = government educatl = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions Use g to repres

8、ent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the.

9、 If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. & = and w/ = with w/o =

10、 without vs = against = therefore = = is or equal Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o = degrees H2O = water More reference: Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples: + plus / parallel Use standard abbreviations and leave

11、 out full stops. Examples: eg example IT dept Information Technology department UK United Kingdom Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples: mar marketing cus customer cli client Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples: subj subject budg budgetind in

12、dividual To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples: techgy technology genion generalisation dely delivery Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc

13、 associated ach achievement info information Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples: bkgd background mvmt movement prblm problem Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. Examples: custs custo

14、mersfs frequencies /s ratios Use g to represent ing endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples: in but as key Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples: is was were Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples: a an the If a t

15、erm, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example: January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: at2 to4 for& and w/ with

16、w/o without vs against Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects. Other Symbols and Abbreviations as a result of / consequences of resulting in - and / also + equal to / same as = following f

17、f most importantly * less than especially esp/一、 缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：1. 拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: manager MSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive 2. 保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insurance EXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O3

18、. 保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people4. 根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through 高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词：原词APT：ApartmentACC：AccountantACDG：AccordingACPT：AcceptAD：AdvertisementADS：AddressADV：AdviceAMAP：As much/many as possibleAMT：AmountAPV：ApproveASAP：As soon as possibleBAL：BalanceBLDG：BuildingCERT：CertificateCFM：C

19、onformCNCL：CancelCNF：ConferenceCMI：CommissionCMP：CompleteCMPE：Compete/competitiveCMU：CommunicationCONC：Concern/concerning/concernedCOND：ConditionCO.：CompanyDEPT：DepartmentDISC：DiscountDPT：DepartureEXCH：ExchangeEXPLN：ExplainEXT：ExtentFLT：FlightFNT：FinalFRT：FreightFYR：For your referenceGD：GoodGUAR：Gua

20、ranteeH.O.：Home officeINFO：InformationIMPS：ImpossibleIMP(T)：ImportantINCD：IncludeINDIV：IndividualINS：InsuranceINTST：InterestedI/O：In stead ofIOU：I owe youIVO：In view： ofMANUF：ManufactureMDL：ModelMEMO：MemorandumMGR：MangerMIN：MinimumMKT：MarketMSG：MessageNCRY：NecessaryNLT：No later thanOBS：ObserveOBT：Ob

21、tainORD：OrdinaryPAT：PatentPC：PiecePKG：PackingPL：PeoplePLS：PleasePOSN：PositionPOSS(BL)：PossiblePROD：ProductQLTY：QualityQUTY：QuantityRCV：ReceiveREF：ReferenceREGL：RegularREP：RepresentativeRESN：ReservationRPT：RepeatRESPON：ResponsibleSEC：SectionSITN：SituationSTD：StandardTEL：TelephoneTEMP：TemporaryTGM：Tel

22、egraphTHO：ThoughTKS：ThanksTRD：TradeTRF：TrafficTTL：TotalU：YouUR：YourWK：WeekWL：WillWT：WeightXL：Extra large二、 字母、图像Z 表示人people/person，因为Z看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治：politics, p

23、olitical希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。Q 表示通货膨胀：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。B 表示商业：business。C 表示冲突，矛盾：co

24、nflict， confrontation C中的表示反对，字母C将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示举杯祝贺。如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilat

25、eral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个/表示谈判破裂。O 表示国家、民族、领土等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示领导人：leader, head那么head of government, head of compan

26、y 便可以表示为 CT 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposiumk 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示捕鱼业等合fishery 有关的词汇。O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, dis

27、comfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, dont care much, etc.三、 箭头g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.表示屈服：s

28、ubmit tof 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.表示追溯到：come/go back to，originateh 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc表示波折：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.四、 数学符号+ 表示多: many, lots of, a great deal of

29、, a good many of, etc.+(+2) 表示多的比较级：more+3 表示多的最高级：most 表示少: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. 表示错误、失误和坏的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc. 表示多于概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示高 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. 表示少于概念：less/smaller，etc.表示低

30、概念：inferior to，etc. = 表示同等概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.表示对手概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示在.之间：among, within, etc. 表示不同概念：be different from, etc. 表示无敌概念：matchless, peerless, etc. 表示大约概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc./ 表示否定，消除等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.五、 标点等: