届高考英语语法专题复习讲义语法专题定语从句学生版.docx

1、届高考英语语法专题复习讲义语法专题定语从句学生版【定语从句】【高考考纲解读】 定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如: that, which和where, when的区分; that, which和why的区分等。2. 考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物时, whose名词名词 of which of which名词。如： The classroom whose door/the door of wh

2、ich/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。 4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如： I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5. 考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关

3、系代词作定语时也可用whose。如： The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如: 当situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时, 要注意具体情况具体分析; 作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词where/when或“介词which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时

4、间状语从句等的区别。【命题趋势】定语从句是历年高考的重点，主要考查常见关系代词和关系副词的用法，比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及区别性的选择等，及与其他从句如名词性从句的区别等。在高考的中主要体现在语法填空，短文改错，完型填空等中，且完形填空80%每年会出一道题。【名师指导】考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题：1. 考生不能辨别定语从句的结构；2. 关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱，不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况；3. 习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句，而使自己陷入困境之中；4. 由于对句型结构分析不到位，经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。定

5、语从句关系代词引导的定语从句1who,whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人， 但who在从句中作主语或宾语， whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时， who/that不可省略； 作宾语时， whom/who/that可以省略。 Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year. 我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学

6、成了好朋友。 I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou, the one who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.我想与你讨论的人是屠呦呦，2015年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的人。(2)whose表所属关系， 一般指人，也可指物， 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。 T

7、he school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生， 放假时商店关门。 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。 2that,which引导的定语从句(1)which指物， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，

8、在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语， 作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. 她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2)限制性定语从句中， 关系代词只用that不用which的情况： 先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for

9、 something that was someone elses fault. 我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。 先行词是形容词最高级或序数词， 或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some，all等修饰时。 The only part of the

10、 meal that I really liked was the dessert. 这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。 先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。 They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey. 他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。 (3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week, which worri

11、ed his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。当从句中的介词提前， 构成“介词关系代词” 结构时。 We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。 3as引导的定语从句(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same先行词as”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in C

12、hina. 像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。(安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。 (2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句， 定语从句说明整个句子， 可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying

13、goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。She has been absent for the meeting again, as is expected.她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops an

14、d dark waters of the Li River_are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. that/which解析： 先行词为waters，且引导词在从句中作主语，故填that/which。单句语法填空1(2015陕西高考)A salesman _ is not punctual may not make a sale if he arrives late for an appointment.2(全国卷)Maybe you have a habit _is driving your family crazy.3(2

15、017福建龙岩质检)Tibet is such a place_ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.4(2016江苏高考单项填空)Many young people, most of _ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.5(2015四川高考单项填空)The books on the desk，_ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.1where引导的定语从句where表示地点，在定

16、语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/onwhich”。(2015北京高考单项填空)Opposite is St.Pauls Church，where you can hear some lovely music.Opposite is St.Pauls Church，in which you can hear some lovely music.对面是圣保罗大教堂，你们在那里能听到一些动听的音乐。当先行词为situation, case, stage, point，activity, atmosphere等抽象名词， 且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时， 常用关系副词wh

17、ere引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 2when引导的定语从句when表示时间， 在定语从句中作时间状语， 相当于“介词in/at/on/duringwhich” 结构。(湖南高考单项填空)I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.我正期盼着那一天的到来， 那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感

18、情。 3why引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting? 你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ (1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。 This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语

19、)I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。I dont like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother.典例 (2016全国卷乙语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my

20、days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.单句语法填空1(广东高考)The next day, my brother and I went to the beach _we watched some people play volleyball.2(2015广东高考语法填空)When harvest came around

21、，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market _ people from the towns met regularly.3(2016天津高考单项填空)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better.1介词和关系代词的确定介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以

22、从以下三方面入手：(1)先行词的意义；(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to“献身，致力于”)(湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应

23、该考虑在内。Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in tr

24、ouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。3“介词where”引导的定语从句有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)典例 (2016浙江高考单项填空)Scientists have advanced

25、 many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved.单句语法填空/单句改错1I am looking for my glasses, without _ I cant watch TV clearly.2She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before.3(浙江高考)The children, all of which had played the whole day long，were worn out._ 单

26、句语法填空1(2015陕西高考语法和词汇知识)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent.2(2017安徽安庆一中模拟)I will never forget such a beautiful village _I spent my childhood with my grandparents.3(2017吉林省实验中学第二次模拟)There they met people from other parts of the

27、 country, _had also volunteered to help.4(2017浙江台州书生中学月考)Bob is in a hopeless situation，_ we will keep a very close eye on.5It was a pity that the policeman failed to find the person_ the witness had described.6(2017湖南岳阳一中检测)The old man turned his business over to his younger son, _made his elder so

28、n discouraged.7(2015重庆高考单项填空)He wrote many childrens books，nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.8(2017浙江湖州中学期中)Toms new watch _hands are made of gold is quite expensive.9(2017浙江平阳二中期中)Take an active part in the activities you enjoy_ you can make many friends.10(2017江苏泰州一中模拟)Those who can ach

29、ieve high grades in class tend to be weak in handling some practical problems，_is often the case.11(2017辽宁朝阳三校联考)On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm_ we learnt to plant potatoes.12(2017浙江东阳二中调研)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _lives were affected.13(2017

30、浙江杭州余杭区期末)The baby，_health was ruined after taking the medicine，was only one year old.14(2017浙江东阳二中调研)How I regretted not having studied hard at school, _led to the failure in my career!15(2017河北唐山一模)Then I noticed an elderly lady walking with difficulty in front of me, _seemed in her 80s.16(2017河北定州中学模拟)Some think it is convenient to get in touch with others with the cellphone，_ also makes them feel safe especially in time of trouble. 单句改错1(2017江西南昌十所重点中学二模)We can hear birds si