完整工程造价专业外文文献翻译中英文对照.docx

1、完整工程造价专业外文文献翻译中英文对照(完整)工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照 编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整)工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快 业绩进步，以下为(完整)工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照的全部内容。外文文献：Project Cost Cont

2、rol: The Way it WorksBy R。 Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied。 So we decided to write up a description of how it works。 Project cost control is not that difficult

3、to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines。 Then， as work progresses, you monitor the work， analyze the findings, forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the w

4、ork in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals。 If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan， you may have to change the plan。 More likely， there will be (or have been） scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you hav

5、e to change the baseline plan anyway。But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice， as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs。 It also involves a significant amount of work， as we shall see， and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow

6、 the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span。And， while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents。 These include the Business Case， the Request for （a capital) Appropriation (for execution）, Work Packages a

7、nd the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter （or Brief)， the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organizations ability to effectively control project costs。FootnoteI am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming， the guru of Earned Value

8、, for checking and correcting my work on this topic.The Business Case and Application for （execution） FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life s

9、pan。 This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision points between the major phases。 They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events。In the projects Concept Phase Eve

10、ry project starts with someone identifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence, if the project is to proceed， and that person often becomes the projects sponsor。 To determine the suitability of the potential project, most organizations call for the preparation

11、of a Business Case and its Order of Magnitude” cost to justify the value of the project so that itcan be compared with all the other competing projects. This effort is conducted in the Concept Phase of the project and is done as a part of the organizations management of the entire project portfolio.

12、 The cost of the work of preparing the Business Case is usually covered by corporate management overhead， but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project. No doubt because this will provide a tax benefit to the organization。 The problem is, how do you then account for all

13、 the projects that are not so carried forward? If the Business case has sufficient merit, approval will be given to proceed to a Development and Definition phase。In the projects Development or Definition Phase The objective of the Development Phase is to establish a good understanding of the work in

14、volved to produce the required product， estimate the cost and seek capital funding for the actual execution of the project。 In a formalized setting, especially where big projects are involved， this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for (a capital） Appropriation (RFA) or Capit

15、al Appropriation Request (CAR)。 This requires the collection of more detailed requirements and data to establish what work needsto be done to produce the required product or deliverable。 From this information， a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to

16、be included in the request. In a less formalized setting, everyone just tries to muddle through.Work Packages and the WBSThe Project Management Plan, Project Brief or Project Charter If the deliverable consists of a number of different elements, these are identified and assembled into Work Packages （WPs) and presented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure （WBS）。 Each WP involves a set of activities, the