初中英语从句总结.docx

1、初中英语从句总结英语从句从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where。how，which等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。从句的分类从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。 根据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用

2、相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。 1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,

3、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 4.同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。 5.定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 6.状语从句可分为： (1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time) (2)地点状语从句：(adverbial cl

4、ause of place) (3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause) (4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition) (5)目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose) (6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession) (7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison) (8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner) (9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result) 宾

5、语从句定义宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。 三要素连接词、语序和时态。 连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人） 1从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。 2从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whetheror not结构中不能用if替换。 3从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。 当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他 判断时态情况： 1.主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况 2.主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。注意：

6、从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时 3.主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”） 例题： 1. The teacher told the children that the sun round. A. was B. is C. were D. are 选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实 2. I believe that our team the basketball match. A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 选C ，这是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测 3.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old

7、temple( )the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 答3：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as“把用作 宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后； Tell him which

8、class you are in Do you know what he likes？ (1)主、从句时态一致： 主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需； He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时； He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practi

9、ce makes perfect . （2）否定前移，及完成反意问句； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称） I dont think you are right ,are you ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they ? （3）在表示建议suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、re

10、quire、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at once （4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置 egYou may think it strange that he would live there （5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略 A当主句谓语动词带有

11、两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。 egI believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get best? B当it作形式宾语时 egShe made it clear that she had nothing to do with him C当宾语从句前置时 egThat our team will win，I believe 分类A 、作动词的宾语: egI heard the news I 主语heard 谓语动词the news.名词作宾语 I主语heard 谓语动词that he w

12、ould come here later on.一个句子作宾语-宾语从句 B 、作介词的宾语: egHe said nothing about this plan 。 He主语said 谓语动词nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语 带有宾语从句的复合句的构成带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how. 注意A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 False: He is wondering wh

13、en can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 Bad: I thought that he could finish thisjob in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whe

14、ther we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher. Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher. DFalse: He wanted to know why he is crying in the

15、corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner. 4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。 5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。 引导定语从句的关联词有who, wh

16、om, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 例句： The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。） Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。） Th

17、ere are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。） The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。） Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压

18、强低的地方。） This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。） He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。） They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。） 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very

19、first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that. The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。） These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。） Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗

20、？） This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。） as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头. 例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。） The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberatio

21、n Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。） As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。） We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。） 介词+which/whom/whose从句 The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold

22、watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。） Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。） Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。） 例题： Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ i

23、t comes in contact. a. where b. that c with which d as soon as 代/名+介词+which 从句 He is needing a book, the name of which I dont know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。） In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常

24、生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。） To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。） 同位语从句和定语从句 The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。） The news that you to

25、ld me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。） 难句: NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。） NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。） NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met. NO.4I re

26、member the morning when he first came to school. NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair. NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory. NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions wa

27、s admirable 时态1主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 宾语从句的几类连接词从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句： He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobo

28、dy knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever,whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句： Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? I dont know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁. The book w

29、ill show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 例句： He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please

30、 tell me how you read the new panel? 你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 例句： I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we w