非谓语整理版.docx

1、非谓语整理版非谓语结构(定义：指不担任谓语的动词形式)一分类：不定式（infinitive）主动语态被动语态一般式*to do （可与wh-疑问词连用）* to be done（可与wh-疑问词连用）进行式to be doingto be being done完成式* to have done（可与wh-疑问词连用）* to have been done （可与wh-疑问词连用）注：wh-包括 who(m) ,what, which, whose; when, where, why, how, whether (不用if)一般式往往有将来意义，它表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词之后。例：Lets

2、 go out to get some fresh air. (现在时间)He stopped to look back at the town. ( 过去时间)I shall continue to try. (将来时间)不定式的完成式往往表示动作发生在谓语动词前，表示动作已经完成。例：Hes glad to have been praised.I wanted to have returned the book but some how forgot it. （在谓语动词之后，但完成的意义不变）不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，往往与谓语动词同时，或表示动作持续。例：She pretende

3、d to be looking for something.I dont want you to be forever/always/constantly/continually finding fault with me. (带感情色彩)-ing分词/现在分词（present participle）主动式被动式一般式* doing * being done完成式* having done * having been done完成进行式having been doing having been being done现在分词的一般式可以用来泛指一个动作，也可用于表示事实性，即指动作已发生或正在发

4、生，也可以指与谓语动词同时发生的动作或指不断重复的动作。例：Reading English is easier than speaking it.He walked through the crowd, shaking hands.完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前例：He denied having been there.The safe showed no signs of having been touched.-ed分词/过去分词(past participle)Done二非谓语结构的功能：可以用来担任主语、宾语、表语、补语. 定语、状语。例：To err is human. (主语)H

5、e never thought to have lived to see this day. (宾语)The house is to let. (表语即主补)I didnt expect you to arrive so soon. (宾补)He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave. (定语)In order to pursue further studies, he went abroad. (状语)例：Ignoring something will not make it go away. (主语)Theres no de

6、nying that the quality is poor.My main pastime is surfing online. (表语)We should avoid going to extremes. (宾语)Can you imagine the old man(s) traveling around the world alone?His words set me thinking. (宾补)developing countries ; dying words (定语)She showed me a book describing the symptoms of this illn

7、ess (定语)Not knowing their language and having no friends, he found it hard to find a job. (状语)特征：1.非谓语动词也可称非限定动词保留动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语、补语、状语等。2.非谓语动词不受主语制约，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。3.非谓语动词都可以有意义上的主语（称独立主格）4.非谓语动词的否定形式均在整个非谓语动词结构前加not, 而且-ing分词做主语前面可带人称所有格，ones三用法:不定式I. 不定式可以充当主语：例句： To walk a long distance re

8、quires a slow pace from the beginning. (远行须以慢步始)To love is easy; to be wise in love is not so easy.To know oneself is difficult.To hear a hundred times is not so good as to see one. (百闻不如一见)To have lived all ones life in a small village gives one a rather limited outlook.To go to bed early and to ri

9、se early makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.注意：1. 不定式做主语，若希望带有逻辑主语，可以加上for sb.结构（在不定式后，或前均可）；还可以加上wh-疑问词（根据具体含义）。2. 不定式结构做主语和普通n.一样，单个不定式做主语，谓语动词用单数；数个不定式做主语，谓语动词用复数，除非是表示同一概念。3. 不定式做主语，常常用it来做形式主语而将to do往后移。（当然也有不能移的）例句：For the common people to buy a set of apartment in Shanghai will take them t

10、heir entire savings.=It will take common people their entire savings to buy a set of apartment.To know oneself is difficult.=Its difficult to know oneself.Not to have won the first prize is disappointing.=Its disappointing not to have won the first prize. It does no good to tell tales.谎话；谣言（pl.）It n

11、ever occurred to me to doubt him.* To err is human. 人孰无过补充：不定式做主语“to”通常不能省，但主语补足语含do这个动词间或可省（better后偶尔也省）例：(To) Turn off the gas was all I did.Better (to) ask than (to) go astray. (=get lost)II.不定式结构充当表语：例句：My idea is to do the work in small groups.All I want is to be left alone.It had proven to be

12、an extremely capable plane.They seemed to have been rich once.注意：1.不定式做表语，主语常常是idea, hope, dream, purpose, aim, goal, plan等 (带wh-的to do也可)2.在主语以what , all, the only thing 等开头的包含行为动词do的句子中不定式补语的to 常可省略。例：What he has done is (to) spoil the whole thing.What I am going to do is (to) teach him a lesson.A

13、ll you have to do is (to) press the button.The only thing we can do is (to) call the police.3.be to do 的特殊含义(a).传达指令或计划安排例：No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.You are to stay outside and wait.I am to be at the meeting. My boss ordered me to.Their honeymoon is to be

14、spent in Shanghai.(b) 说话者转述禁律或规定（语气强硬）“必须，一定”例：If your automobile moves slowly, you are to move it to the right side of the roadway. (Slower Traffic Keep Right)You are not to smoke. (No smoking)You are to keep off the grass.(c).以大众为对象的告示及说明书等类似的文书中，常表示规定“应该”做的事。例：The form is to be filled in and retu

15、rned within a week.(d) 表说话者认为“可能”或“应该”发生的事例: Shes nowhere to be found. (=It is not possible to find her anywhere.)I am to thank you for this.The book is not to be got nowadays. *若干be to do结构含被动意义例： The house is to let.You are to blame.*be about to do 正要干 come to do 逐渐开始做 get/grow to do 到达阶段或程度 be le

16、d to do 被诱使去做 例: Ive come/got/grown to know that youve been wasting my time.Little by little, we came to rely on him for everything.III不定式结构充当宾语： 例：I have no idea about how to solve it.The problem of what to do next is a dilemma. They intended to talk him over.He never thought to have lived to see t

17、his day.No one likes to be criticized for nothing.I know better than to believe him. (晓得不应该，不至于蠢到去.)He loves no sport better than to play golf.注意：1. 带有wh-的to do 也可做宾语，而且还不仅可以做动词宾语，也可以做介词宾语；普通的不定式常跟在动词后做宾语，不能放在介词后做宾语，除了少数几个介词如“but, except, than”(解释为“除了之外”) 有省略to的现象 例：It had no effect but to make him

18、angry. I have no choice but to listen to him . 2. 大部分动词后都可加to do 作为宾语，但有些动词后只可加-ing 作为宾语，有些后面加 to do, -ing均可，此表格在-ing分词部分有详细的补充说明。3. 不定式的完成式，进行式做宾语跟在几类特殊的动词后，有特殊的用法。例：I am very glad to be working with you.He is believed to be coming.第一类动词：appear, seem, happen, pretend 时态，语态体现在后面的不定式中。例：appear to do/

19、to be doing/to have done第二类动词： expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish, would rather等动词的过去完成式加不定式就相当于动词的过去式加不定式的完成式，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待、想法、计划等，常译成“原希望、原打算、原想”例：I had hoped to see you again.(= I hoped to have seen you again.) I had planned to go fishing yesterday, but it rain

20、ed unfortunately.4. 不定式做宾语，可以用it做形式宾语 例：We found it difficult to meet all your demands.I think it a pity for him to let go so good an opportunity.Some people think it good luck to be born a son of millionaire.We think it wrong to tell a lie.I think it better not to go there alone.5. 作为宾语的不定式省略“to” 的

21、情况a. 在auxiliary verb/modal verb 的后面shall, should; will, would; can, could; may, might; must; need, dare,(在否定句、疑问句中)b. but, except, than, 在主句的谓语动词出现do时，可省略其后不定式的“to”或者在词组can/could only (do) but do 只能干cant but do =can do nothing but do=cant choose/help but dodo no more than do只能=can do no otherwise th

22、an do只能prefer to do rather than do =would rather do than do had better do =might as well do c.在AmE中 Go, Come常会在口语中省略“to”或“and” 例：Go (to/ and)get your brother; its time to eat.Go (to/ and)see if the paper has come.d.数个并列的不定式to的去留问题原则: 同一句子里由and或or连接的数个（作为相同的）不定式时，通常只保留第一个to，其它的省略。例外：为了强调对比或前后平衡的缘故，有保

23、留to的现象。例: To try and/but fail is better than not to try at all.She decided to quit her job and look for a new one.He learned how to read and write at the age of fire.I dont know whether to go on or turn back.Do you want to have lunch new or wait till later?例：Anyone who wants to buy stamps, to send a

24、 telegram, or to get postal letters must go tothe post-office.The audience got restless, and began to talk loudly and to whistle.IV不定式充当宾语补足语：例：My doctor advised me to go someplace for a change of air.I never expected you to call so early.Our teacher showed us how to make a kite.He told me how to pa

25、per the wall.注意：1. 有些动词后常会接宾语再接不定式做宾补，（带有wh-也可以）如：allow, ask, cause, command, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, *get, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, trouble, urge, warn (注意：高中阶段有几个动词是不能使用此结构的，不能用suggest /hope/demand sb. to do .)例：M

26、y father taught me (how) to ride a bike.The man requested me to keep it a secret.2.在表示“知道，了解”或表示“认为”的心理动词后也可加上不定式作为宾补，常接的不定式为to be/to be doing/to have been + n./adj.常见的动词有：assume, believe, consider, feel, find, know, presume, suppose, think, understand (此结构中to be 常可省,只要后面加的是n或adj.)例：I consider him (

27、to be) a good man.I believe him (to be) an able man.He is thought to be hiding in the toilet.I felt him to be trembling with fear.*其中 suppose 用于被动意为“应该”，与expect 用于被动时一样。例：Youre not supposed to be here.Mary was supposed to come to lunch.Whats happened?She is supposed to have poisoned her husband.Your

28、e supposed to have read the instructions.3. 在see, watch, notice, observe, look at; hear, listen to; feel, find 等动词后的不定式宾补常可省略“to”；再有使役动词let, make, have 也同样，（注意这些词的被动语态要将不定式中省略的“to”归还，除了没有被动的let, have 。例外：let 有些固定词组也可用被动，如be let go/pass, be let slip/fall，etc.)例: Some one saw him enter my room.(和see h

29、im entering 的区别)He was seen to enter my room.附：let “许可”（意思接近于allow, permit 但没有它们这么正式，let有“放任”之意） make “迫使，致使”（意近于force, insist, 语气强硬）have“吩咐，希望，要求”（意近于是order, ask, request, wish）例： Dont let the opportunity slip.(或Dont let slip)He let fall his feelings. (他透露了感情)例： I have them fill all the forms. I co

30、uldnt make them understand me.V不定式充当定语：例：Have you got a key to unlock this door? It was a war to end all wars.Water to drink must be pure.Hes not a man to tell a lie.Its time to go to bed.注意：1. 不定式做后置定语，一般用一般式（主被动均可）表示将来意味；如果先行词前有序数词修饰，或the last ,the next 等修饰时常用不定式做定语；也可以带有自己的逻辑主语。2 如果不定式做定语时，不定式中的动

31、词是不及物动词时，这时要注意在vi.后添加适当的介词 (除少数n.如time, place, way介词可以省略)3. 带有wh-疑问词的不定式也可做后置定语；可以带有自己的逻辑主语for sb. 例：In that house, theres no bed in which to lie. (/)to lie in. (/)which to lie in (x );not even a chair on which to sit. (/ ) to sit on (/ )which to sit on. (x )He hasnt sufficient income to live on/on which to live.I want some money to buy a book with.He has no parents, and no friends to depend on.He had no money and no place to