高考英语语法虚拟语气.docx

1、高考英语语法虚拟语气高考英语语法虚拟语气在英语表达中，说话人说话的口气即语气。除了语调之外，最主要的是需要使用动词的不同形式来表现各种语气。英语中一共有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。日常生活中大多数的句子都使用陈述语气，祈使句使用祈使语气。本章主要着重讲解虚拟语气的用法，因为虚拟语气只在某几类句子中才使用，这种特殊性决定了虚拟语气在高中语法学习中的重要性。典型例句：1.She is a pretty little girl.她是一个俊俏的小姑娘。（陈述语气）2.Have a good holiday!（祝你）假日愉快！（祈使语气）3.If you love her,you would

2、nt say that.假如你爱她，你就不会说出那种话。（虚拟语气）一、虚拟语气用于条件句1.非真实条件句虚拟语气可用于条件句中，条件句分为两种：一种是真实条件句，另一种是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气，在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。真实条件句：从句主句现在的条件现在时现在时或将来时If you heat ice,如果你给冰加热，If he doesnt hurry up,如果他不快点儿，it turn(=will turn) to water.它就变成水。he will miss the bus.他就要误了公共汽车了。过去的条件过去时过去时或过去将来时When he was

3、a child,if I was free,当他还是孩子的时候，只要我有时间，He said that if he had money,他说，如果他有钱，he asked me to tell stories.他就让我讲故事。he would buy me a car.他就会给我买辆小汽车。将来的条件用现在时代替将来时一般将来时或祈使句If it doesnt rain tomorrow,如果明天不下雨，If anybody visits,如果有人来访，he will go to the park.他就去公园。ask him to wait a while.请让他等一会儿。如果假设的情况完全不

4、存在或者实现的可能性很小，可以说几乎没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，也就是说，这时的条件句是非真实的条件句。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。现在时过去时该用现在时时，用过去时过去时过去完成时该用过去时时，用过去完成时将来时过去将来时该用将来时时，用过去将来时过去将来时过去将来完成时该用过去将来时时，用过去将来完成时非真实条件句（以do和be为例）：从句主句与现在事实相反过去时过去将来时 wereIf+主语+did were doingIf I were you,如果我是你的话，If I had enough money,如果我有足够的钱， should/would主语+ +do m

5、ight/couldI should/would go at once.我立刻就走。I would travel around the world.我要到世界各地旅游。与过去事实相反过去完成时过去将来完成时If+主语+had done.If he had known it,如果他知道那件事的话，If you had got there earlier,如果你早到一点儿的话，If Tom had seen you,如果汤姆看见了你， should/would主语+ +have done might/couldhe would have told you.他就告诉你了。you would have

6、 caught the bus.你就会赶上那辆公共汽车。he would have said hello.他会和你打招呼的。与将来事实相反过去时或should+do（万一）过去将来时 wereIf+主语+did were to doIf+主语+should+doIf it were Sunday tomorrow,明天要是周日的话，If I were to see Jack,如果我去看杰克，If you should meet him,如果你要见到他， should/would主语+ +do might/couldwe wouldnt have an exam.我们就不参加考试了。I shou

7、ld tell him about the truth.我就告诉他实情。you would say“hello”to him.请问他好。重要：在非真实条件句中，如果谓语动词是be，一般要用were，特别是在较正式的文体中；在口语中，除了If I were you结构中的were不能改动外，在第一、三人称后，有时可用was。在与将来事实相反的条件从句中，几种结构中所表示的可能实现的程度有区别：were to do可能性最小；should+do可能性稍大一些。如果表示否定的意思，多用过去时结构，用should和were to较少。2.错综时间条件句有时在非真实条件句中，主句中谓语动词所表示的动作和

8、条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不是同时发生的，这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述表格来进行，而需要按照各自的时间来进行调整，这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句。If you had worked harder (then),your condition would be better now.如果你那时再努力点儿的话，你现在的情况就好得多了。（主句与从句发生的时间不同，应按照主句与从句各自的时间做调整。）If you had worked harder (then),your condition would have been better then.如果你那时再努力点儿的话，你那时的情况会好得多的。

9、（主句与从句发生的时间相同）If you had followed the doctors advice (then),you would be all right now.如果你那时听了医生的劝告，你现在就好了。If you had followed the doctors advice (then),you would have been all right then.如果你那时听了医生的劝告，你那时就好了。If you had watered them more,the crops would be growing still better.如果你再给庄稼多浇些水，它们会长得更好。If

10、I hadnt finished my composition by now,I would be working on it tomorrow.如果我现在还没写完作文，我明天就还得写它。If I had left in the morning,I would have been there at noon.如果我是在早晨离开的，那在中午时就到那儿了。If I were a boy again,I wouldnt waste time.如果能再回到童年，我不会再浪费时间了。If he had prepared well for his lessons yesterday,he wouldnt

11、have so many difficulties now.（difficulty表示“难题，难处，难事”的意思时，是可数名词。）如果他昨天就把功课都预习好了（准备好的话），他现在就不会有这么多困难了。3.含蓄条件句有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。A.用without等介词短语、分词短语或者独立主格结构来替代条件从句。We might not do a lot of things without computer.如果没有电脑的话，我们好多事情都做不成。Having known in time,we could have stopped it.

12、如果及时知道的话，我们就有可能阻止它。Having arrived in time,we might have caught the train.要是及时到达的话，我们也许能赶上这列火车。I had my hair cut off and sold it because I couldnt have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.我剪掉了头发，把它卖了，因为如果我不给你礼物的话，整个圣诞节我都会过不好的。B.用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构。在条件从句中除最常见的连词if之外，还有下列连词：but that要不是in

13、 case假如on condition (that)条件是otherwise否则，不然provided/providing (that)如果so long as只要suppose/supposing (that)假如unless除非I was busy last week;otherwise(=If I had not been busy last week),I would have come to see you.上周我很忙，否则（如果我不忙的话）我会去看你的。Now Mr.Crossett doesnt work.Otherwise(=If this shaking hadnt begu

14、n two years before),he would still be working because this heart and soul were still in the schoolroom with his various students.现在克赛特先生已经不工作了，否则（如果不是两年前，他的手开始颤抖的话）他还会工作着的，因为他的整个心灵都留在学校的不同学生之中了。C.通过上下文来表示虚拟，需要具体加以分析。I would have given you more money,but I was so poor then.（真实情况）我应该再多给你些钱，可是我那时很穷。I w

15、ould have called you,but I forgot your telephone number.（真实情况）那时我应该给你打电话，但是我忘了你的电话号码。说明：上面两个例句实际上分别省略了非真实条件句“if I had had more money”和“if I had known your telephone number”。but之后引起的句子是真实情况，不是虚拟的。4.虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装若符合下列条件，则可以省略if：必须是非真实条件句，真实条件句不可以省略if。只有当非真实条件句中有were，had，should，would等词时，才可省略if。省略if时，主语与

16、were，had，should，would的位置必须相互调换。Should I meet her,I would tell her.=If I should meet her,I would tell her.要是我见到她，我会告诉她的。Were I in your position,I would do it better.=If I were in your position,I would do it better.如果我处在你的位置上，我会做得更好。二、虚拟语气用于其他从句1.在宾语从句中的用法A.在某些特殊动词（表欲望、建议、命令等）之后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。这些特殊动词包括r

17、ecommend，order，demand，request，command，propose，suggest，insist，desire等。句型：+主语+（should）+动词原形The teacher recommended that we (should) buy that reference book.老师建议我们买那本参考书。they requested that the students (should) learn a second language.他们要求学生们要学第二语言。He proposes that we (should) work out a plan first.他建

18、议我们先订一个计划。I suggest that we (should) visit that school.我建议我们参观那所学校。重要：在这类句型中只能用should，不可以用would，could，might等别的词代替。另外，在现代英语中，should常被省略。比较：suggest有两种意思：当“建议”解时，后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气；当“暗示”，“略微透露”，“表明”解时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He suggests that she (should) leave at once.他建议她立刻离开。His face suggested that he was angry.他的脸色

19、表明他生气了。The teachers tone suggested he didnt care about it.老师的语调暗示/表明他对这件事不关心。比较：insist和suggest一样，也有两种意思：当“坚决要求”解时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气；当“坚持说”解时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He insisted that I (should) stay for lunch.他坚持要求我留下吃午饭。He insisted that he was innocent.他坚持说他是无辜的。B.wish后的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的运用类似在非真实条件句中从句时态的运用，即

20、时态后移。a.与现在（当时）事实相反的愿望，用过去时。句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去式）I wish I were as young as you.真希望我能和你一样年轻。I wish I were you.我要是你多好啊！How I wish it wasnt raining!现在要是不下雨该多好啊！注意：wish to do和wish sb. to do属于不定式的句型，不是虚拟。I wish to do it.我希望去做这件事。I wish you to do it.我希望你去做这件事。b.与过去事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时。句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去完成式）I wi

21、sh I had been here last night.我要是昨晚在这儿就好了。He wishes he hadnt made the big mistake.他要是不犯那个大错误，该有多好！I wish I had learned more.我多么希望我以前多学一些啊！c.与将来的愿望相反，即愿望难以实现，用过去将来时。句型：主语+wish+从句（主语+过去将来式）I wish I could fly in the sky.我希望我能在空中飞翔。How she wishes her eyes would see again!她多么希望双眼能重见光明啊！I wish I could be

22、of more use in the future.我希望我将来有更大的贡献。比较：wish和hopewish+从句，表示的是不可能实现的愿望，从句必须用虚拟语气。hope+从句，表示的是有可能实现的事实，从句不能用虚拟语气。He wishes his son would win the competition.（可惜获胜不了）他多么希望他的儿子在竞赛中能够获胜啊！He hopes that his son will win the competition.（有可能获胜）他希望他儿子在竞赛中能够获胜。He wishes we would go there with him.（可惜我们去不了）他

23、多么希望我们和他一起去那儿啊！He hopes that we will go there with him.（我们有可能去）他希望我们和他一起去那儿。2.在主语从句中的用法主句中有suggested，decided，requested，ordered，proposed，important，necessary，natural，surprising，strange，funny，a pity，a shame，an honour等词时，主语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”。句型：It is+suggested.+that+主语+（should）+动词原形It is+a pity

24、.+that+主语+（should）+动词原形It has been decided that the sports meet (should) be put off till next month.运动会已经决定推迟到下个月。It is necessary that you (should) go there.你有必要去那里。It is strange that he (should) go himself.真奇怪，他怎么亲自去呢！It is a pity that you (should) miss a good chance.真遗憾，你失去了这么好的机会。补充：上面这些句子也可以用陈述语

25、气，只叙述事实，而不表示情绪。3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法主句中有suggestion，proposal，order，insistence，plan，idea等词时，表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”。句型：suggestion/proposal.+is/was+that+主语+（should）+动词原形（表语从句）suggestion/proposal.+that+主语+（should）+动词原形（同位语从句）My suggestion is that we (should) do the experiment again.（表语从句）我的建议是再做

26、一次实验。My suggestion that we (should) do the experiment again is accepted by them.（同位语从句）我提出的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。His proposal is that they (should) challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.（表语从句）他的提议是他们向别的组挑战，进行一场友谊竞赛。His proposal that they (should) challenge the other groups to a friendly com

27、petition is praised by the teacher.（同位语从句）他提议他们向别的组挑战，来场友谊竞赛，这受到老师表扬。补充：和主语从句一样，如果不表示建议、命令、愿望等情绪，表语从句和同位语从句中也可不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。4.在定语从句中的用法句型：It is/was (high) time that+主语+should+动词原形It is/was (high) time that+主语+动词不定式（该干什么了，而没有干）It is time that you should have a class.（早已该上课了，你们为什么不上课？）=It is time that

28、 you had a class.该上课了。It is time (for you) to have a class.（上课的时间到了。/刚刚打铃或马上就要打铃了。）要上课了。It is (high) time that you should leave.（该走了，可你还没走。）=It is (high) time that you left.你早就该离开了。It is time (for you) to leave.你该走了。（提醒对方该走了。）5.在状语从句中的用法1.在目的状语从句中的虚拟句型：that/in order that/so that+主语+may/might+动词原形意为“

29、为了，以便”，表肯定目的。主句为现在时或将来时，从句用may。主句为过去时，从句用might。so that除了可引导目的状语从句外，也可引导结果状语从句，可以通过下面的例句比较二者的区别。在从句中通常用can/could或不加助动词。in order that只能表示目的，在三个引导目的状语从句的连词中，只有它可放在句首。说明：在目的状语从句中，用may/might比较正式，但也可用can/could，will/would，should，在口语中尤其以can/could最为常用。They got up early in order that/so that they could/might

30、catch the train.（表示目的）他们早起，这样就能赶上火车。They got up early so that they caught the train.（表示结果）他们早起，结果就赶上了火车。The foreigner spoke slowly in order that/so that I could/might understand him.（表示目的）这位外国人说得很慢，好让我能听懂他所讲的话。The foreigner spoke slowly so that I understood him.（表示结果）这位外国人讲得很慢，这样我能听懂他所讲的话了。句型：lest+主语+should+动词原形意为“为了不，以免”，表否定目的。lest引导的状语从句可以换成that，so that，in order that。此时，从句应用否定形式。The Simpsons got up early lest they (should) miss the train.=The Simpsons got up early that/so that/in order that they might no miss the train.辛普森一家人起得很早，以免误了火车。2.在原因状语从句中的虚拟主句状语从