介词和连词.docx

1、介词和连词介词和连词（1）来源：天星 更新日期：2012-02-29 点击：4121、介词的分类与语法功能 （1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词

2、，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如： It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. He quarrelled with her yesterday. He succeeded in passing the final exam. Im still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. The professor will

3、give us a talk on how to study English well. （2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如： This machine is in good condition.(表语) Where is the key to my bike?(定语) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语) She always thinks herself above others.（宾补） 2、核心介词用法归纳与辨析 （1）表示时间的介词in的用法如下。 表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季

4、、周等一般用介词in， in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。 还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意： at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间）

5、。 in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在以后”。 in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如： during the discussion in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in d

6、igging the tunnel （2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。 on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on Childrens Day ，on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1 early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm wi

7、nter days (3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn) at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。 注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如： next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如s

8、ome day one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before （4）till、until、to的用法。 till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如： He waited for me till twelve oclock. He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to). 但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如： Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. to表“终结”时常用和fr

9、om连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意 义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（从到为止），但from morning till night（从早到晚），不能用to。from to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door（家家户

10、户），from house to house（挨家挨户），from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚), from top to bottom（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾

11、）。（C）from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。（D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with)(和)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；ha

12、nd in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。 （5）in、after、later in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。 一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。 after + 一段时间表示：“在之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。 The doctor will be with us in six minutes. She graduated in 1981,and eight y

13、ears later she became the manager of the factory. He received her letter after four weeks. 另外，in + 一段时间 + s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下： in a weeks time = in a week They will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用) My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.（作表语） Ill finish the book within two weeks.(with

14、in = in less than用于各种时态，不超出，在之内) （6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。 at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在的平面上。如at the door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。 on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如： Japan l

15、ies to the east of China.(范围之外) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外） Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离) 地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下

16、,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。 across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如： They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest. over / under / above / below。 over、above译作“在之上”

17、；under、below译作“在的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如： A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线) The window is well above the tree. 高考英语复习讲与练：介词和连词（2）来源：天星 更新日期：2012-02-29 点击：383表示地点介词的静态性和动态性 H

18、e walked to the station（静态，表示方向和目的地） He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向) He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用） He is at the station.(静态，表示地点) They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点) He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”) He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”) He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”) The city is on

19、 the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”) Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去”） Come along the river.沿着河过来（线） across the fields 跨过田野，over the desert跨越沙漠 across the river横跨这条河，over the hill翻过这座山 be in the house(静态，在这里)stay out of the car(静态，在外) go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开) （7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词 by t

20、he year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。 表泛指的方式、手段 by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,thr

21、ough his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop 交通工具类 by bus/train/car/taxi(road) by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot by plane/jet/spaceship,by air by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water 另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.s help (permis-sio

22、n)。 表方式、手段的其他用法 He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器) One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”) He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词) 注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in l

23、ove,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on ones knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意) （8）表示“除之外”的几组常用介绍比较。 besides 除以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。 Well all we

24、nt to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。 It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired. except除去，除之外（不再有）。 We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。 在否定句中，两词可以换用，如： He has no other hats except / besides this one. except for除了（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。 He was ve

25、ry clever except for carelessness. except that 除了一点以外。 He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. but与except but和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点： 前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.（

26、前有do,后省to） but与一些固定结构连用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不，but for 如不是 （9）between与among. between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如： Ann is between Tom and Bill. Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work betwe

27、en themselves.(共同，合作) She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那) A horse can be seen between trees now. among表示三者以上之间。如： The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们

28、必须达成共识。 London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用) （10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。 He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式复合结构中

29、的for、of。 这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。 It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why. 注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。 （12）兼作连词和副词的介词。 after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。 The children went home at onc

30、e after school. They went to bed after they had finished the job. in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。 He ran down the hill.（介词） Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词) 有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。 All the students got to school before me.(before为介词) We do want to buy something no

31、w before prices go up.(连词) Havent I seen you before?(before为副词) （13）介词的省略。 表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。 介词for表示时间的省略要求。（A）以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I havent seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading. 某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。 Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.