1、第二章 被动语态第二章 被动语态(一) 语态也是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。 一、被动语态的构成 被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成,如果有必要强调动作的执行者,动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。 A. 十种常见时态的被动语态 1. 一般现在时 主动语态:do 被动语态:am/is/are done We clean the classroo
2、m every day. 我们每天打扫教室。 The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。 * Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。 * Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。 * Are many goods shipped abroad every day? 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗? 2. 一般过去时 主动语态:did 被动语态:was/were done We cleaned the classroom
3、yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。 The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。 * The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。 * Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? 昨天山上种了许多树吗? * How much money was stolen in all? 一共被偷了多少钱? 3. 一般将来时 主动语态:will/shall do 被动语态:will/shall be done We will clean the
4、classroom soon. 我们很快要打扫教室。 The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。 * The work will be done immediately. 这工作将马上做。 * Will the school sports meeting be held next week? 校运动会将在下星期举行吗? * When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet? 什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座? 4. 一般过去将来时 主动语态:would do 被动语态:would be done
5、We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。 We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。 * He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。 * She asked whether their plan would be considered with great car
6、e. 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。 * I wasnt told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。 5. 现在进行时 主动语态:am/is/are doing 被动语态:am/is/are being done We are cleaning the classroom now. 我们现在正在打扫教室。 The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。 * A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 镇中心正
7、在兴建一家医院。 * Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse? 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗? * How is the new teaching method being tried there? 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的? 6. 过去进行时 主动语态:was/were doing 被动语态:was/were being done We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。 The classroom was being cleaned th
8、is time yesterday. 昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫 * The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那时正在讨论教学计划。 * Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗? * The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我们到他家时,他家房子正在粉刷。 7. 现在完成时 主动语态:has/have done 被动语态:has/have been done The cl
9、assroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。 The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了 * Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来,电视中播放了许多外国影片。 * The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。 * Has a new training centre been set up in our to
10、wn? 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗? 8. 过去完成时 主动语态:had done 被动语态:had been done The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。 The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。 * His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上个月末,他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。 *
11、 She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我,她的老板已把她解雇了。 * Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的时候,她的作业还没有完成。 9. 将来完成时 主动语态:will/shall have done 被动语态:will/shall have been done We will have cleaned the classroom by five oclock. 我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。 The classroom will have b
12、een cleaned by five oclock. 教室将在五点以前打扫完。 * The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。 * How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year? 到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路? * Before you return my work will have been done. 你回来前我的工作将会做完。 1
13、0. 过去将来完成时 主动语态:would have done 被动语态:would have been done I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 5:00. 我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。 I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 5:00. 我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。 * The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month. 校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。 *
14、The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed. 大坝完工的日子不远了。 * He told me that preparations would have been finished by 6:00. 他告诉我准备工作将在六点前完成。 B. “get+过去分词”结构 被动语态除常用“be +过去分词”构成外,还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中,强调动作的结果。 The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。 Did your
15、 letter get answered? 你收到回信了吗? 注意: 用“get+过去分词”结构时,其后的动作执行者(即by短语)一般不表示出来。 Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。 As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我经过的时候,我的裙子被钉子挂住了。 C“seem/appear +过去分词”结构 有时“seem/appear +过去分词”也可以构成被动语态。 She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。 The house appears deserted. 这房子好像没人居住。 提示: 并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或seem, appear等词代替。 【误】She got born in a small village. 【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一个小村庄。 【误】The old man got offered a large sum of money. 【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 这位老人获得了一大笔钱。 【误】Colin got cau
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