1、河南省示范性高中宝丰一高高考英语语法介词及介词短语学案 2012届高考英语一轮复习专题五 介词及介词短语【考纲解读】【考点解析】一、基本概念介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词,可按构成分为:(1)简单介词:如about,above,across,after,against,between,beyond,by,during,for,from,in等;(2)复合介词: 如inside,onto,onto,out of, outside,throughout,upon,within,without等;(3)短语介词:如according to,apart from,as for,as to,because
2、of,but for,by means of,due to,except for,in front of,in place of,in spite of,instead of,near to,next to,on behalf of,owing to,thanks to等;(4)双重介词:如from under,from behind,until after等。(5)分词介词:concerning,considering,including,regarding,given等。二、重点介词用法及其高考考点:1. above:1)在.上面The moon is nowabovethe trees.
3、月亮正位于树梢上。2)在.之上,超过They are childrenabovesix years old.他们是六岁以上的孩子。3)高于;优于;胜过In the company, Dick ranksaboveTom.在公司里,迪克的地位比汤姆高。4)不屑于;不致于He considered himselfabovedoing such things.他自认为是不会去做那种事的。【高考真题】(09四川) A great person is always putting others interests _ his own.A. below B. above C. in D. on【答案与解析
4、】B。考查介词的用法,put others interests above ones own意思是把别人的利益放在自己的利益至上。伟人总是把他人的利益放于个人利益之上。显然选择B2. across与through:across:横跨,横穿,穿越,表示动作是从物体的表面上进行的,强调从一边到另一边,如过河,过桥,过马路等,through “在.之中,透过”,表示从物体内部穿过,如穿过森林、隧洞,玻璃等。如,The Great Green Wall is across the northwest ofChina.绿色长城横跨中国西北。Go across the road, you will fin
5、d the post office on your left.横过这条公路,你会发现邮局就在你的左边。The two friends were walking through the forest.这两个朋友正沿着森林走。The sunlight comes through the glass.阳光透过玻璃。3. against:反对;违反;逆;对着;倚;靠;以.为背景;防备;预防;不利于。如:The fightagainstpollution has been going on for almost two years.抑制通货膨胀的战斗已展开近两年了。They sounded a shar
6、p warningagainstall these tendencies.对于这种种倾向,他们发出了严厉的警告。His desk isagainstthe wall.他的办公桌靠墙放着。The little red house looks so beautifulagainstthe green woods.那座红色的小屋在翠绿的森林衬托下显得很美。We bought some warm clothesagainstthe coming winter.我们添置了一些御寒的衣服以迎接即将来临的冬季。She has said nothingagainstyou.她并没有说任何对你不利的话。【高考真
7、题】 (2010天津卷13). My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowed with tourists.A. by B. on C. for D. against【答案与解析】句中谓语动词warned和介词against搭配,构成warn sb. against doing sth. 相当于warn sb. not to do sth,意思是“警告某人不要干某事”。 句意:我父亲警告我不要去西海岸,因为那里挤满了游客。(2010四川卷5). Tired, Jim was fast asleep with
8、 his back a big tree.A. in B. below C. beside D. against【答案与解析】 against此处意为:“倚着,靠着”;below“在下方”;beside“在旁边”;in“在里面(时间)之后”。句意为:“累了,吉姆背倚着树,很快就睡着了。”4. among在.之中,是之一New York isamongthe largest cities in the world.纽约是世界上最大的几座城市之一。They quarreledamongthemselves.他们互相争吵。Amongthese people was his friend Jim. 他
9、的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。(倒装)【注意】among与 between区别:among 用于三者或三者以上的“在中间”,between 主要指两者之间或者三者以上的两两之间。如:They hid themselves among the trees. 他们躲在树林中。There was a fight between the two boys. 这两个孩子打过一次架。Who knows the difference between the three of them? 谁知道他们三者之间的区别?(09上海)Four Chinese models were _ the 14 people awa
10、rded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition. A. among B. between C. along D. beside5. besides:除外,意指“除了什么之外,还有”。如:Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他。【注意】(1)besides、but、except和except for都可表示“除外”,但意义完全不同。besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有”;句中常常有also,more,other,a
11、nother,else等字眼。而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有”。句中常常有no,nobody,nothing等字眼。另外except 和 but还接不定式作宾语,如:Nobody went to see him except but his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他。He has another car besides this. 除了这辆车外,他还有一辆。She had no choice but to wait.除了等待,她别无选择。(不能用besides)(2)except for :除了以外,表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否
12、定,不表示同类事物之间的关系。如: The movie was good except for the ending. 这部电影除了结尾之外都很好。 The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。【注意】用于句首,表示排除,只能用except for不用except。如:Except for Tom,all went to see the film. 除了Tom,大家都去看电影了。【高考真题】2007 全国卷IISome people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these
13、days. A. for B. except C. besides D. with6. beyond 用法:1)表示位置,意思是“在的那一边;在之外;在更远处”。例如: Beyond the river stood a power station过了这条河就是一个发电站。 The sea is beyond that hill大海在山的那边。 2)表示时间,其意为“迟于;超过”。例如: Some shops keep open beyond midnight 有些商店营业到半夜以后。 He never sees beyond the present他从未看到将来。 3)(表示范围、水平、限度、
14、能力等)“超出;多于;为所不能及”,(年龄或数量) “超过”。 如:Your work is beyond all praise你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。 These were matters beyond his understanding这些事情他那时候还不了解。 We succeeded beyond our hopes我们获得如此之成功,是我们始料所不及的。 She was really touched beyond words她确实感动得无法形容。 4)用在否定和疑问句中,意思是“除之外”,相当于except。如: I know nothing beyond/except what he
15、 told me除了他告诉我的以外,别的我都不知道。 Is there anything more you can say beyond that?除了那点之外,你还能说些什么吗? 【高考真题】(2008陕西卷)Elizabeth has already achieved successher wildest dreams. A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon【答案】B【解析】考查介词辨析。根据achieved success和wildest可以推断出此处所填介词意思是:超出,为所不及,选B;at表示“点”;within表示“在里”;D项等于on,意思是:依靠,凭借。7. by用法:1)(方式) “用某种方法”或“用某种手段”。例如:Please tell your father by telephone.请用电话告诉你父亲。2)(位置)表示“在旁边”,常常可
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