Chapter2Phonology音系学现代语言学.docx

1、Chapter2Phonology音系学现代语言学Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1. The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds a

2、re limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音。这些声音在数

3、量上是有限的。这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。2. Phonetics 语音学2.1 What is phonetics? 什么是语音学？Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the worlds languages.语音学一般定义为语言声音媒介的研究。它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。

4、These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.语音学的三个分支分别被称为发音语音学，听觉语音学和声学语音学。Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is articulatory phonetics.在语音学的这三个分支

5、里，建立历史最长，迄今发展最完善的就是发音语音学。Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues. To describe these properties, they record the sound waves on machines called spectrographs.声学语音学家们正在尝试描述说话者所发出的声流的物理属性。为了记录这些声波，他们使用一种叫做声谱仪的机器。2.2 Organs of speech 语

6、言的发音器官 The Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” , which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants, such as b, z,m.这种声带的颤动导致一种语音音色的产生“浊音”，这是所有元音和诸如b, z,m之类的辅音所共有的特征。 The speed of the vibration determines the pitch of the sounds.

7、 声带颤动的速度决定了所发声音的音高。 Voiceless 清音 such as t,s,f. The oral cavity 口腔 The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.气流所受到的主要的调节来自口腔。 The tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other. 舌头是最灵活的，因而它比其他任何发音器官在发音变化中所起的作用

8、都要大。 The nasal cavity 鼻腔 2.3 Orthographic representation of speech soundsbroad and narrow transcriptions语音的正字标音法宽式标音法和严式标音法International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标The basic principle of the IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound.国际音标的基本原则就是对每个不同的语音都分别用一个不同的字母来代表。Broa

9、d transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols only.( dictionaries and teaching textbooks ).宽式标音法：一套是仅用字母符号来标音的方法。（字典、教科书）Narrow transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.( the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds ).严式标音法：一套字母符号和附加符号一起用来标音的方法。（

10、语音学家们在对语音的研究中使用的）Clear l 清音 lDarkl 模糊 lDentall 齿音lAspirated 送气音Unaspirated 不送气音Syllabic nasal 鼻音节2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 英语语音的分类The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruct

11、ion of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another.元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。2.4.1 Classification of English consonants 英语辅音的分类1. Manner of articulation 发音的方法Stops爆破音 ( a stop or a plo

12、sive) ：p,b,t,d,k,g fricatives:擦音 affricates:塞擦音 liquids:流音nasals:鼻音glides:滑音2. Place of articulation 发音的位置bilabial：双唇音labiodental：唇齿音dental：齿音alveolar：齿龈音 palatal：腭音velar：软腭音glottal: 喉音2.4.2 Classification of English vowels 英语元音的分类1. The position of the tongue 口腔中舌头的位置 front vowels 前元音 central vowel

13、s 中元音back vowels 后元音2. The openness of the mouth 口张开的程度 close vowels 闭元音 semi-close vowels 半闭元音 semi-open vowels 半开元音 open vowels 开元音3. The shape of the lips 嘴唇的形状 All the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels. 所有的前元音和中元音都是非圆唇音。Unrounded vowels 非圆唇音Rounded vowels 圆唇音：all the back

14、vowels ,with the exception of a: 除了a:之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。4. The length of the vowels 元音的长度 the long vowels 长元音 the short vowels 短元音 The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels. 所有的长元音都是紧元音，所有的短元音均是松元音。 When we pronounce a long vowel, the larynx is in a state of tension. 当我们发一个

15、长元音的时候，喉部处于一种相对紧张的状态。 Diphthongs 双元音3. Phonology 音系学3.1 Phonology and phonetics 音系学和语音学Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.音系学揭示一种语言中的语音形式组合的方式，以及它们是如何在语言交际活动中被用来传导意义的。3.2 Phone , phoneme , and allophone 音素，音位和音位变体A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.音素是一个语音单位或切分成分。Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. 音系学关心的是能够区别意义的语音现象。The basic unit in phonology is called phon