1、英语翻译技巧01英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换形合与意合定义及理论知识 1英语是语法型语言,重语法结构:其语义通过形式表达出来。比如用 and 表示并列关系,用 if 表示条件关系,用 because 表示因果关系等。句子成分之间的逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接。汉语是语义型语言,通常汉语各分局之间的联系主要是通过逻辑纽带或语序之间接地表现出来,句子成分之间靠隐性连贯。实例分析2 Dear dear, think of me, if you wont think of yourself. When should I do when you die?哎呀!你就是不为自己着想,也得我我想想,你死了我怎
2、么办呀?(译文中省略介词of和连词when、if) 爹,你就是不为自己着想,也得为我想想,也得想到.俺娘。Dad, think of me. and my mummy, if you wont think of yourself.(译文中增补介词of和连词if) I may be wrong and you may be right, and by an effort, we may be nearer to be the truth.也许我是错的,你是对的。我们做出努力,就会更接近真理。 (译文中省略了连词and)举一反三31. 听到这个消息,他满眼是泪。2. 中国将努力促进国内粮食增长,在
3、正常情况下,粮食自给率不低于95%。02英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换形合转为意合英译汉形合转为意合1在英译汉时,要摆脱原文形合结构的束缚,尽可能采用意合方法,才能符合汉语的表达习惯,使译文流转自如,明白晓畅。另外,英语中除了多用关联词外,还有其他连接手段,包括通过词的形态变化表示各种语法概念。泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler)对“好的翻译”所下的定义是:“原作的长处完全移注在另一语文里,似的译文文字所属的国家的人能明确地领悟,强烈地感受,正像用原作的语文的人们所领悟的,所感受的一样”实例分析2 Some delighted films made by the late
4、Dr. Arnold Gesell of Yale University show little creatures who can barely talk investigating problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers, making discoveries with the passion and absorption of dedicated scientists.(Gilbert Highet, The Pleasure of Learning )由已故的耶鲁大学阿诺德盖塞尔博士拍摄的几部有趣的电影表明,还没学会
5、说话的小家伙们竟以探险家般的热情和兴奋来探究问题,以热诚的科学家们那种激情和专注来进行研究发现。(句中 made by 构成过去分词短语作定语,修饰 films,两个现在分词 investigating 和 making 则与宾语 creature 一起构成复合宾语。汉语中的动词没有词形变化,因此在汉语中就不必分谓语动词和非谓语动词) His children were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.(Washington Irving,Rip Van Winkle)他的几个孩子都穿得破破烂烂,粗野不堪,没爹没娘似的。(译者在
6、翻译时将句子断成三个并列小分句,舍去了原文中的连词,但却保留了原文紧凑的效果。另外大家在翻译的时候,要注意转换思维,从而找到更好、更适合的表达方式)3各位小伙伴们在看例句的时候也可以试着用自己翻译来联系一下,看一看这次所学的是否能够运用了呢?下面是今天小编给大家留的小作业,一定要花几分钟做一下哦,翻译之后别忘了留言分享呀Can you answer a question which is I want to ask and which is puzzling me?There is no money to be made in Achill, so that twelve months cre
7、dit is the easy-going custom.上期作业参考译文 4听到这个消息,他满眼是泪。When he heard the news, his eyes filled with tears.中国将努力促进国内粮食增长,在正常情况下,粮食自给率不低于95%。China endeavors to increase its grains production so that its self-sufficiency rate of grain under the normal condition will be above 95 percent.03英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换意合
8、转为形合汉译英意合转为形合 1汉语结构的最大特点是重意合而不是重形式。汉语除了遵循一定的结构规则外,只要上下文语义搭配合乎事理,就可以和合在一起组成句子和语段。具体表现是关联词的大量省略,很多成分也经常隐去。在译为英语时,则需将关联词和隐去的部分补上。实例分析2 他蹒跚着进了家门,连饭也没有吃,打算到屋里睡一觉。长年不喝酒,喝了酒头有点晕。Dazzling into his house, he went directly to the bedroom without eating anything. Since he seldom drank, he was a little uncomfor
9、table after some drinking.(汉语原文中,句与句之间的连接没有显性的连接词,而译文则运用了分词短语 dazzling into his house、介词短语 without eating anything 和连接词 since、after 来构成句子形合的连接。) 活得太累了。没完没了地解释,无休无止地小心,成年累月地为别人活着。为人子、为人夫、为人父、为人同事、为人哥们儿、为人“喽罗”、为人“头头”。Life is such a drag, a round of selfjustifying explanations, a ceaseless tiptoeing ar
10、ound, of living for the sake of other people, as somebodys son, somebodys father, somebodys colleague, somebodys buddy, somebodys underdog, and somebodys boss.(译文对汉语原文的句群作了处理:把原文的一、二句合并成一句,以 a round of (一连串的相关事件)作为 drag (乏味无聊之事)的同位语,原文第三句则译为由as引导的一系列并列的介词短语作为同位语(即原文的第二句)的方式状语。这样,汉语由意合所形成的、由三句话组成的小语篇
11、,便译成了由一句话组成的英语小短篇。)举一反三3我决心弥补过去的错误,同贪污腐化和不公正现象作斗争,并成立一个全面政府以实行自由选举。学得有趣,效率就会高;学得很苦,效率就地。上期作业参考译文4Can you answer a question which is I want to ask and which is puzzling me?我有个问题不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?There is no money to be made in Achill, so that twelve months credit is the easy-going custom.在阿尔基没钱可赚,一年到头赊欠是
12、家常便饭。04英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换主语显着与话题显着定义及理论知识1英语属于主语显着的语言,即主语和谓语是句子结构的最基本的语法,而且句子一般都有主谓两成分。以话题和评论为句子结构基本单位的语言为话题显着的语言,汉语就是典型的话题显着的语言。英语句子主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,桑床房架,都有语法;汉语句子话题说明,句子分层,可断可续,意尽为界。实例分析2His father died of an accident. His mother, remarried, could not afford to attend to him. He was then a poor boy indeed.他
13、爸爸死了,死于车祸,妈妈又改嫁了,顾不了他,真可怜。(汉语句子可以在主语出现一次之后,第二次不再写出,读者也清楚此处的的“妈妈”就是“他”的。该句中“他”统领全局,之后的几个看似零散的小句其实是几个谓语结构串起来了。)对于干部和共产党员来说,廉政建要作为大事来抓。Cadres and party members should consider it of prime importance to build a clean government.(“对于干部和共产党员来说”是个话题,在英译中直截了当地改为主语,用于主谓宾结构译出全句,简明通顺。)undefined在这座大城市行路难、乘车难已成为
14、一个突出的社会问题。In this big city, people find great trouble in getting to their destination either on foot or by public transport means, and this has become a top social problem.(原句话题较长,指的是人们外出时行路难、乘公交难。英译文单独成句,然后用 this 指代话题译出评述部分。若把汉语中的话题译为英语主语,会显得主语过长,头重脚轻。)举一反三3 开汽车没有方向盘不行。 He offered this car for mill
15、ion yuan.上期作业参考译文4我决心弥补过去的错误,同贪污腐化和不公正现象作斗争,并成立一个全面政府以实行自由选举。I committed myself to make up past mistakes to fight corruption and injustices and to form a national government to carry out free election.学得有趣,效率就会高;学得很苦,效率就地。Learning is more efficient when it is fun, less efficient when it is drudgery.
16、05英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换主语显着转话题显着定义及理论知识1就如我们前一章所提到的,英语是主谓(subject-predicate)结构的语言,而汉语句子却具有“话题性”(topicality),因而在英译汉时,用含义更为广泛的话题和对话题的说明更符合汉语的表达习惯。具体方法就是灵活地进行语法成分的转换。实例分析2 I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are pretty week in
17、 English. They can not even write a letter in correct English. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the English language. 我见过许多年轻的朋友,聪明用功,成绩优异,而英文程度却很差,甚至些一封信也难得通顺,问其故则说其兴趣不在英文方面。(原文是一个短小的语篇,由三个句子组成。汉译文“年轻的朋友”是话题,之后四个小句均说明他们的优点和缺点,逻辑主语就是这些年轻的朋友。汉语句子可以在主语出现一次之后,或在具有同一逻辑主语时,接连出
18、现数个谓语结构,形成由若干小句形成的流水句。) Her manner was gentle, and while she was pretty in a freckle-faced, red-haired little girl sort of way, she would turn few heads in the street.她举止文雅,面有雀斑,满头红发,像个小女孩那么可爱,但走在街上引不起多少人注意。(原文是个并列复合句,含有三个主谓结构。译文则以“她”为话题,后接说明“她”的四个或长或短没有主语的小句,这与英语的主谓结构大相径庭。)举一反三3同样,今天小编给大家留了两个翻译的句子,
19、大家可以尝试这翻译一下哦 His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university. The system of job responsibility can be adopted when the condition are ripe.上期作业参考译文4开汽车没有方向盘不行。You cant run a car without the wheel.这辆汽车他要价一千万。He offered this car for million yuan.06英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换话题显着转主语显着定义及理
20、论知识1与英文相比,汉语句子界限较为模糊,尤其是以“话题-评论”为结构的句子,常常是小句相接,主谓不十分不分明。汉译英时,往往要考虑利用英语主谓结构,将汉语的话题转为英语的主语。为此,首先要确认汉语的话题。话题是一个语义上的概念,并不局限于某一种语法形式。它可以是一个名词或代词,英译时与译文的主语相重合,它可以是各种词性的词,可含有引导词,也可以是一个隐含的主谓结构。实例分析2 凡是已经发现的错误,我们都已经采取了或正在采取纠正的步骤。没有发现的,一经发现,我们就准备纠正。We are taking or have taken steps to correct all the mistakes
21、 discovered, and we are ready to correct those not yet discovered as soon as they come to light.(汉语原文包括两句话,各含一个话题,英译文改用主谓宾结构。另外,译文也可以使用英文中的引导词,如:With regard to all the mistakes having been discovered, steps have been taken or being taken to correct. As for those not yet discovered, they will be corr
22、ected as soon as they come to light. 但相比之下,显然原译文比较简明。) 青年作家刘晓枫的散文鸟群以鸟情喻人情,摹写细腻,感受深刻,入选99年度最佳散文之列,可谓当之无愧。Young writer Zhou Xiaofengs “Birds” express human emotions by revealing the birds feelings. His descriptions are detailing and his understandings profound. It fully deserves to be considered among
23、 the best prose of 1999.(汉语原文以“散文鸟群”为话题,接连承接数个谓语结构,对话题进行评述。英译文将原文谓语结构所隐含的主语点出,形成3个有主谓结构的句子。举一反三3同样,今天小编给大家留了两个翻译的句子,大家可以尝试着翻译一下哦 接到来信,大喜过望。 今天食堂吃饺子。上期作业参考译文 4His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university.他有犯罪前科,所以没有被那所大学录取。The system of job responsibility can be adopted
24、when the condition are ripe.责任制度,在条件成熟时就实行。07英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换主动与被动定义及理论知识1被动式在汉语中大多用于不愉快、不幸的事情和经历。汉语中有一种倾向,就是尽量避免使用“被”字,在行文中尽量选择能从主动角度恰当地表达其被动含义的词语。英语被动结构使用非常广泛,绝大多数及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语动词(phrasal verb)都有被动式。实例分析 2Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust.许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而形成的。(这种科技英语类型的句子,要求
25、客观对待事物,避免主观臆断,要求使用第三人称。这种被动句不需要或不可能指出施动者时,一般译成汉语主动式) 可以预见,在一个不太长的时间内,中国必将在科学技术方面赶上世界先进国家。It can be predicted that China will certainly catch up with the advanced nations in the world in science and technology in not too long a time.(汉语中有许多泛称句,汉语中这类习惯用语是主动式,英译时则用英语的习惯被动式。通常利用以 it 作形式主语的句型。) 汉语泛称句习惯用语
26、及译法举例:据闻(悉) It is learned that.据推测 It is supposed that 必须承认 It must be admitted that人们有时间 It is sometimes asked that无可否认 It cannot be denied that可以肯定 It may be confirmed that可以有把握地说 It may be safely said that举一反三3看了这些例子,小伙伴们也来试试吧!He was scared out of his wits.已经指出,他们的建议在某种程度上是合理的。上期作业参考译文4接到来信,大喜过望。
27、I am thrilled to have received your letter. 今天食堂吃饺子。Jiaozi are served in the canteen today.08英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换汉译英语态的转换定义及理论知识1汉译英中几种常见的转换形式:1、汉语的简化被动转化为英语被动;2、汉语中某些解释的句子转化为英语被动;3、汉语的无主句转化为英语被动语态;4、汉语的泛称句转化为英语习惯被动句。实例分析 2汉语中的简化被动语态由主谓结合起来,自然表示被动意义,句中不要任何表示被动的词语。这类句子在英译是一般用被动语态来处理。eg:所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。All
28、those who work hard should be encouraged.汉语中,那些着重说明一件事是怎样的,或什么时候、什么地点做的,常用“是的”或“为所”这种结构。英译时也常用被动语态。eg:缺点和错误是会克服的。Shortcomings and mistakes will surely be overcome.汉语的无主句虽然形式上没有主语,但却能表现出完整的而明确的语义。英译时常常可以用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召之类的被动句。eg:必须保证每天八小时的睡眠。Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.举一反三3看了讲
29、解,有没有一些启发呢?自己动手写写下面两句的翻译吧锻炼身体的重要性无论怎样估价也不过分。曾有人提议立即设计和生产这种装置。上期作业参考译文41、This movie will be shown again tomorrow.这部电影明天还要放映。2、Mr. Li is considered to be a good teacher.大家认为李先生是位好老师。09英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换物称与人称定义及理论知识1一般来说,汉语习惯于人称化的说法,即采用能主动发出动作或有生命的东西,包括人类的组织形式,来充当主语。而英语在选择主语时,往往用不能主动发出动作或无生命的事物词语。这种句式往往带有
30、拟人化色彩,结构紧密,言简意赅。实例分析2下面这两个例子就明显地体现了英汉两种语言互译时物称与人称的转换。The African peoples determination for peace and national sovereignty made it impossible for them to regard any super power as their friend.非洲人民决心争取和平并维护国家主权,所以不可能把任何超级大国当作自己的朋友。A very little encouragement would set that worldly woman to talk volub
31、ly, and pour all within her.只要人们稍微助助这个庸俗女人的兴,她就马上滔滔不绝地把一肚子的话和盘说出。(这两句原为简单句,拆译成汉语的主从复句,并增补了“所以”,“只要”等连词,借以将原句个成分的逻辑关系表达出来,使原文和译文具有对等语义连贯关系)这两句原文为条件或原因的主从复句,英译后变为简单句。只要稍微赞美他几句,他就会得意忘形。A very little compliment would set him carried away.她疾病缠身,没信心挑起这副重担。Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.举一反三3看了讲解,有没有一些启发呢?自己动手写写下面两句的翻译吧Monday morning found Tom miserable.他一想到面试就十分担忧。上期译文参考41、锻炼身体的重要性无论
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