财政学双语超全重点难点考点湖南农大重点.docx

1、财政学双语超全重点难点考点湖南农大重点财政学。Chapter 11、Unified budget: The document which itemizes（逐项列出） all the federal governments expenditures（支出） and revenues（收入）.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出。2、regulatory budget: An annual statement of the costs imposed on（施加影响于） the economy by government regulations.(Currently, there is

2、 no such budget.)管制预算：政府管制给经济造成的成本的年度报告。（目前尚无）3、entitlement programs: Programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify, rather than preset budget allocations（分配）.公民权力性计划 其支出由符合条件的人数而非预先的预算安排来决定的计划。Summary :1、public finance ,also known as public sector economics or publi

3、c economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution（分配） of income.财政学，也称公共部门经济学或公共经济学，以政府的收支活动及其资源配置与收入分配的影响为研究对象2、In an organic view of society ,individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realizat

4、ion of social goals. These goals are determined by the government.按照社会有机论，个人只有在有助于社会目标实现时才有价值。这些目标有政府来决定。3、In a mechanistic view of society ,government is a contrivance（发明） erected（建立） to further individual goals. It is not clear now the government can reconcile（协调） sometimes conflicting individual

5、goals.按照社会机械论，政府是为了促进个人目标的实现而人为创立的东西。政府如何能协调有时是相互冲突的个人目标，尚不清楚。4、Personal income and social security payroll taxes（工资税） are currently（目前） the largest sources of government revenue.个人所得税和社会保障工薪税是目前政府收入的最大来源。Chapter 21、substitution effect: The tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and l

6、ess of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应 一个人因一种商品相对于另一种商品的价格降低而多消费前者，少消费后者的倾向。2、normal good :A good for which demand increases as income increases and demand decreases as income decreases, other things being the same.正常品 在其他条件相同的情况下，其需求随着收入的增加而上升、随着

7、收入的减少而下降的商品。3、income effect :The effect of a price change on the quantity demanded（需求量） due exclusively（唯一的） to the fact that the consumers income has changed.收入效应 价格变化对需求量的影响完全是由于消费者的实际收入的变化所致。Summary :1、Experimental studies randomly assign subjects to either a treatment group or control group .Ran

8、dom assignment reduces the likelihood that outside factors will lead the researcher to confuse correlation（相关性） with causation.实验研究随机地把研究对象分成处理组或控制组。随机分派降低了外部因素导致研究者把相关性与因果性相混淆的可能性。2、Quasi-experiments can be structured in several ways, such as a difference-in-difference analysis, instrumental variab

9、les analysis, and regression-discontinuity analysis.准实验的研究方法有若干，比如双重差异分析、工具变量分析以及回归间断分析等。Chapter 31、welfare economics: The branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability（合意） of alternative economic states.福利经济学 研究各种经济状态的社会可取性的经济理论分支。2、Pareto efficient: An allocation of resources su

10、ch that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率 一种资源配置状态，在该状态下，如果不使一个人的境况变差就不可能使另一个人的境况变好。3、Pareto improvement: A reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.帕累托改进 资源的重新配置可在不使任何人的境况变差的前提下，至少使一个人的境况变好。

11、 The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics福利经济学第一基本定理。Fairness and the second fundamental theorem of welfare economics公平与福利经济学第二基本定理。（内涵）Market failure 市场失灵原因。1)market power 市场影响力2)nonexistence of markets 市场不存在。4、asymmetric information ：A situation in which one party engaged in an economic

12、transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party.不对称信息 从事经济交易中的一方对所交易商品或服务的情况比另一方知道得更多的情形5、externality :An activity of one entity（实体） affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market.外部性 一个实体的活动以市场机制之外的方式对另一实体的福利产生影响。6、public good :A g

13、ood that is non rival and non excludable in consumption（消费）.公共物品 消费具有非竞争性和非排他性的物品。Summary1、A Pareto efficient allocation occurs when no person can be made better off without making another person worse off. Pareto efficiency requires that each persons marginal rate of substitution（边际替代率） between two

14、 commodities equal the marginal rate of transformation. Pareto efficiency is the economists benchmark（标准） of efficiency performance for an economy.如果不使他人的境况变好就不能使一个人的境况变好，这就实现了帕累托效率配置。帕累托效率要求，每个人对两种商品的边际替代率等于边际转换率。帕累托效率是经济学家判断经济是否有效运行的标准。3、The First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics states th

15、at, under certain conditions, competitive market mechanisms lead to Pareto efficient outcomes.福利经济学第一基本定理指出，在某些条件下，竞争市场机制会产生帕累托效率的结果。4、The second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics states that society can attain（实现） any Pareto efficient allocation of resource by making a suitable assignment of

16、 initial（最初的） endowments（资源禀赋） and then letting people freely trade with each other.福利经济学的第二基本定理指出，社会通过适当地安排初始资源禀赋，然后让人们彼此自由地交易，就可以实现帕累托效率资源配置。5、A second reason for government intervention（干预） is market failure ,which may occur in the presence of market power or when markets do not exist.政府干预的第二个理由是

17、市场失灵，如果存在市场影响力或者市场不存在，就会出现市场失灵。Chapter 41、pure public good :A commodity that is non rival and non excludable in consumption.纯公共物品 消费具有非竞争性和排他性的物品。2、公共物品的定义我们需要注意的几点。1)Even though everyone consumes the same quantity of the good, it need not be valued equally by all.虽然每个人消费的公共物品数量相同，但不一定所有人对这种消费的评价都一致

18、。2)Classification as a public good is not an absolute; it depends on market conditions and the state of technology .公共物品的分类不是绝对的，它取决于市场条件和技术状况。3)A commodity can satisfy one part of the definition of a public good and not me the other.一种物品可以满足公共物品定义的一部分而不能满足另一部分。4)Some things that are not conventiona

19、lly thought of as commodities have public good characteristics.有一些在传统上不被认为是商品的东西具有公共物品的特征。5)Private goods are not necessarily provided exclusively by the private sector.私人物品并不一定只由私人部门提供。6)Public provision of a good does not necessary mean that it is also produced by the public sector.一种物品的公共提供并不一定意味

20、着也由公共部门产生。3、Vertical summation :The process of creating an aggregate demand curve(总需求曲线) for a public good by adding the prices each individual is willing to pay for a given quantity of the good.纵向加总 把每个人对某种既定数量的公共物品愿意支付的价格相加而得到该公共物品总需求曲线的过程。4、Free rider: The incentive(动机) to let other people pay fo

21、r a public good while you enjoy the benefits.免费搭车者 让别人为公共物品支付而你坐享其成的动机。5、Privatization: The process of turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and /or production.私有化 把由政府提供的服务转由私人部门提供和（或）生产的过程。6、What criteria（标准） should be used to select the amou

22、nt of each input?用什么标准来选择每种投入品的数量呢？1）Relative wage and materials costs.工资和材料的相对成本2）Administrative costs 管理费3）Diversity of tastes 偏好多样性4）Distributional issues 分配问题7、Commodity egalitarianism :The idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody.商品平均主义 有些商品应当人人有份的思想。Summary 1、Public g

23、oods are characterized by nonrivalness and nonecludability in consumption .Thus, each person consumes the same amount, but not necessarily the preferred amount, of the public good.公共物品的特征是消费的非竞争性和非排他性。因此，每个人的消费的公共物品数量都相同，但不一定是其所偏好的数量。2、Market mechanisms are unlikely to provide nonrival goods efficie

24、ntly, even if they are excludable.市场机制不可能有效地提供消费具有非竞争性的物品，即使它们具有消费的排他性。3、Even in case where public provision of a good is selected, a choice between public and private production must be made. A key factor in determining whether public or private production will be more efficient is the market envir

25、onment .Another important question is the extent(范围) to which complete contracts can be written with private sector service providers.即使在某种物品由公共提供的情况下，还是要在公共生产和私人生产之间作出选择。决定由公共生产还是私人生产更有效率，一个关键因素是市场环境。另一个重要问题是，与私人部门服务提供者签订的合同的完备程度。Chapter 51、To expand on the subject, note the following characteristi

26、cs of externalities.外部性特征1)Externalities can be produced by consumers as well as firms。 企业和消费者都可能产生外部性。2)Externalities are reciprocal in nature。 外部性具有相互性。3)Externalities can be positive or negative. 外部性可能是正的或是负的。4)Public goods can be views as a special kind of Externality. 公共物品可以被看做是一种特殊的外部性2、Privat

27、e response .私人对策。1)Bargaining and the Coase theorem 讨价还价与科斯定理2)Mergers 合并3)Social conventions. 社会习俗3、Coase theorem: Provided that transaction costs are negligible（可以忽略的） ,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights, independent of who is

28、 assigned those rights.科斯定理 如果交易成本可以忽略不计，那么不管是谁，只要有人得到了产权。外部性问题就可以得到有效解决。4、Pigouvian tax ：A tax levied（征税） on each unit if an externality-generators output in an amount equal to the marginal damage at the efficient level of output. 庇古税 对外部性产生者的单位产量课征的税，其税额正好等于效率产量水平上的边际损害。5、Public responses to exter

29、nalities: emissions fees and cap-and-trade programs.外部性的公共对策：排污费和总量控制与交易制度。6、Cost effective: A policy that achieves a given amount of pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible.成本有效 以可能的最低成本实现某一既定污染减少量的措施，7、Cap-and-trade: A policy of granting permits to pollute, with the number of permits set a

30、t the desired pollution level ,and allowing polluters to trade the permits.总量控制与交易制度：发放污染许可证的政策，许可证的数量按预期污染水平来定，并允许污染者买卖许可证。Summary 1、An externality occurs when the activity of one person affects another person outside the market mechanism .Externalities may generally be traced to the absence of enf

31、orceable（可行的） property rights.当一个人的活动在市场机制之外影响另一个人时，就产生了外部性。一般来说，外部性之所以存在，是因为缺乏可行的产权。2、The Coase Theorem indicates that private parties may bargain toward the efficient output if property rights are established .However, bargaining costs must be low and the source of the externality easily identifie

32、d.科斯定理表明，如果产权确立了，私人各方通过讨价还价可以达到效率产量，但是，讨价还价的成本必须很低，并且外部性的原因也很容易确认。3、A pigouvian tax is a tax levied on pollution in an amount equal to the marginal social damage at the efficient level .Such a tax gives the producer a private incentive（动机） to pollute the efficient amount.庇古税是一种对污染课征的税收，税额等于效率产量是的边际社会损害。这种税使生产者产生私人动机，使污染量不超过有效数量。4、A subsidy（补贴） for pollution not produced can induce（导致） producers to pollute at the efficient level. However, su