虚拟语气.docx

1、虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气， 表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达，与真实语气相对。一条件句状语从句中的虚拟语气条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能

2、性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。例如：If he doesnt hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实)If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）条件句中虚拟

3、语气的形式从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should +动词原形were to +动词原形would / should / might / could +动词原形现在动词过去式(be用were)would / should / might / could +动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have +动词过去分词1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：从句：If+主语+过去时

4、(Be动词用were)主句：主语+ should/would+do：1If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）2If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）3If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)4If I had any mon

5、ey with me,I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）5If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）6If I were you, Id wear a shirt and tie.如果我是你，我就会穿衬衫和领带。(事实：我并不是你）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would+have doneeg：1 If I had gotten there earlier,I should/woul

6、d have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）2If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）3She looked at me as if I had been a stranger.她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句：if+主语+were to do （if 表示未来的虚拟语气独有该形式，其他如wish， even if等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气）i

7、f+主语+should+do主句：主语+should/would+doeg：1If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）2If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）3If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一

8、来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。eg：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作

9、与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：Should he agree to go there,we would send him the

10、re.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without，but for等eg：But for his help,we would be working

11、 now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could ha

12、ve passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。二目的状语中的虚拟语气1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should + do。并且should能省略She examined

13、the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he (should) be late.他早早的就出发了以防迟到。2、在so that,in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话

14、的人以便能听得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。三宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. I wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were)；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)+动词原形。注意

15、如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如：I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。We wish he didnt smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。I wish the train would come. 我希望火车会来。I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 但愿我并没有造成太多的破费。2、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓 语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国 英语中通常可以省略。如：I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。Rose insisted that he be present. 罗斯坚持要他出席。The detective insisted that he