A级语法点.docx

1、A级语法点 A级常考的语法虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语动词的特殊形式，与陈述语气恰恰相反，虚拟语气所表达的动作或状态不是事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、想象、要求、推测、假设或建议等。语气的虚拟和陈述与否完全取决于说话人本身。虚拟语气可以用于非真实条件句中，也用于名词性从句和同位语从句等句式中。1.1 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气1）非真实条件句英语的条件句分为真实条件和非真实条件两种。真实条件属于陈述句式，而非真实条件属于虚拟句式。真实与虚拟与否完全取决于说话人的意图。E.g. If it is fine tomorrow, well go out. If it were fine tomorrow, w

2、e would go out.一般来说，非真实条件可分为三种情况：于过去、现在和将来事实相反的三种情况。其位于动词的表现形式如下：从句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+ 主语+ 动词过去式（be动词用were)主语+would/should/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相反的假设If+ 主语+ had+过去分词主语+ would/should/could/might +have +过去分词与将来事实相反的假设（将来不太可能出现的情况）1. If+ 主语+ 动词过去式2. If+ 主语+ were to +动词原形3. If+ 主语+ should+动词原形主语+would/shou

3、ld/could/might +动词原形E.g. If I were you, I would take the job. （与现在事实相反）If you left your car outside at night, you would have it stolen. (将来不太可能出现的情况）If he had been ill, he would not have finished the work. （与过去事实相反）If he should/were to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. （将来不太可能出现

4、的情况）2）非真实条件句的特殊情况a. If 的省略当虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had, were, should时，可将它们提到句首而省略连词if， 这时从句发生部分倒装。E.g. Were I you, I would take the job.Had he been ill, he would not have finished the work.Should he tell us everything/ Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.E.g. If I were at school aga

5、in, I would study harder._If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus._b. 含蓄虚拟条件句： 通过介词短语、副词、连词等代替条件从句的假设称为含蓄条件。E.g. Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. = But for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =If it had not been for your help,

6、 we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =Had it not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. E.g. But for his calm courage, the battle would have lost. （与过去事实相反） With free time and no TV, they might rediscover reading. （与现在事实相反或指将来不太可能出现的情况） I ran all the way to

7、 school, otherwise I would have been late. （与过去事实相反） He must have had an accident, or he would have finished the task then. （与过去事实相反）E.g. What would you do with a million dollars?(= if you had a million dollars) 1.2 虚拟语气在带有强烈主观色彩的动词、名词或形容词后所跟随的从句中的应用1）某些动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气结构，用于表示命令，要求，建议，劝告等。其形式为：（shou

8、ld）+动词原形E.g. I suggest that he (should) go with us. （表建议）The general directed that the troops (should) attack. （表命令）They demanded that the company (should) make compensation for the loss. （要求）同样用法的动词有：order（命令） command（命令） ask（要求） require（要求） request（要求） demand （要求）suggest（建议） propose（提议） advise（劝告）

9、 urge（主张） intend（打算） insist（坚持） decide（决定） determine（决定） prefer （宁愿） recommend（推荐） desire（渴望）当suggest 表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说，力言”之意时，suggest/insist 后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，应使用陈述语气。E.g. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意。 The man insisted that he had never

10、stolen the money. A那个人坚持说他没有偷钱。2）某些形容词（或分词）后的主语从句要用虚拟语气结构，用于表示命令，要求，建议，惊异和失望等，（should）+动词原形 E.g. It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.（表建议） It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。 It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she should

11、nt have been invited.（表惊异） It is strange that he (should) have acted toward his parents like that.真奇怪他竟然那样对他父母。（从句谓语动词在主句谓语动词之前发生时，要用should have done)suggested建议的 recommended被推荐的 proposed被提议的，所推荐的 necessary 必要的 essential必要的 important重要的 vital重要的 appropriate适当的 advisable适当的，合理的 desirable理想的 better更好的

12、 natural自然的 strange奇怪的 glad高兴的 surprising惊异的 disappointing失望的 pity可怜的 3）某些名词的表语从句和同位语从句要用虚拟语气，表示要求，建议，主张，目的和愿望等，（should）+动词原形Order（命令） demand（要求） requirement（要求） request（要求） suggestion（建议） proposal（建议） advice（建议） recommendation（推荐） decision（决议） idea（主意，想法） desire（愿望） plan（计划）E.g. My idea is that we

13、(should) think it over before accepting it.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。 We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Dalian for sightseeing.我们都同意他让我们去大连旅游的建议。 My suggestion is that he (should) go with us. （表要求，表语从句） My suggestion that he (should) go with us is quite reasonable. （表要求，同位语从句）（3）wish后面所

14、跟宾语从句虚拟Wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。宾语从句动作与wish同时宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时宾语从句动作先于wish宾语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时宾语从句动作后于wish宾语从句的谓语动词用could/would/might+动词原形E.g. I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.I wish I knew the answer to the question. （对现在情况的虚

15、拟）They wish they had not lost the chance. （对过去情况的虚拟）I wish I would be a millionaire. （对将来情况的虚拟）I wish I could have seen her last night. （对过去情况的虚拟）If only“要是多好”“但愿”（同wish类似）If only + 句子=How I wish+that从句 E.g. If only I were a flying bird! = How I wish I were a flying bird! If only I knew Japanese. （对

16、现在情况的虚拟） If only you had bought that piano! （对过去情况的虚拟） If only the wind would stop! （对将来情况的虚拟）would rather（同wish类似）E.g. Id rather you hadnt done that. （对过去情况的虚拟） He would rather it were winter now. （对现在情况的虚拟）As if/as though引导的方式状语从句（同wish类似）1）如果as if 引导的从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生，as if 引导的从句谓语动词用过去式； E

17、.g. He looks as if he were an artist.（同时）2）如果as if 引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作先于主句谓语动词表达的动作，as if 引导的从句谓语动词用过去完成时； E.g. She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.（先于）3）如果as if 引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作后于主句谓语动词所表达的动作，as if引导的从句谓语动词用过去将来时。 E.g. He learns English so hard as if he would go to th

18、e U.S.A.（后于）It is (high) time that从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式形式/should+动词原形。意为“（现在）该”，用来表示提议。E.g. It is (high) time that you went to school. 你该去上学了。 It is (high) time that we should start out.我们该出发了。lest（唯恐，以免）/for fear that（以免,生怕，唯恐）/in case（万一）引导的目的状语从句，(should)+动词原形E.g. He is working for fear that he (shou

19、ld) fall behind. I wrote everything down lest I (should) forget it. Take your umbrella along, in case it (should) rain.In case 后面也可以用陈述语气。E.g. Somebody should stay at home in case John phones.练习题+真题1. _last Friday, he would have got to Paris.A) Would he leave B) Had he left C) If he is to leave D) I

20、f he was leaving2. The representative of the company demanded that part of the agreement_revised.A) will be B) is C) to be D) be3. We could not have fulfilled the task in time if it _for their help.A) was not B) is not C) had not been D) has not been4. It is required that anyone applying for a drive

21、rs license_a set of tests.A) take B) takes C) took D) will take5. _he was seriously ill, I wouldnt have told him the truth.A) If I knew B)If I know C) Had I known D) Did I know6. It is most desirable that the_for the information by himself on-line.A) search B) searched C) has searched D) will search

22、7. If I _the job, I would do it in a different way.A) would do B) do C) shall do D) were to do8. Look at the terrible trouble I am in now! If only I _your advice!A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed9. It is urgent that the police_notified about those strange phone calls.A) shou

23、ld be B) will be C) are D) has to be10. I wish I _better next time.A) did B) do C) would do D) should do填空11. It is high time that the manager (pay) _more attention to the services for the customers.12. The boy passed the final exams. But if he had spent more time on them, the results (be)_much bett

24、er.13. He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he (take)_part in that activity with the team.14. He might not have been killed in the traffic accident yesterday if he (fasten) _the seat belt.15. It is important that he (be) _called back immediately.16. Frankly speaking, Id rather

25、 you (say)_nothing about it for the time being.17. It is required that every employee (come) _in their uniform before 8:30 a.m.18. The director required that every member in his department (refer) _to this report.19. If we (know) _that the books were available, we would have bought them yesterday.20

26、. I suggested that he (refuse) _the offer proposed by that company.模拟1. If you had taken your medicine, Bob turned off the alarm.A. should be B. would have been C. would be D will be2. It was suggested that the construction_ahead of time.A. is completed B. was completed C. be completed D must comple

27、te3. Jerry hesitated for a moment before shooting the ball, otherwise he _three points.A. Had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored4. _, we will set off as we planned.A. Were it good or bad B. Be it good or bad C. Being good or bad D. Whether good or bad5. The law requires that everyo

28、ne_his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. had C. have D. must have6. I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept7.Ill give you my telephone number in case you_want to get in touch with me.A. will B. should C. would

29、D. Need.1. 倒装（1） 全部倒装 1）当句首为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为be, go, come, exist, stand, lie, fall等。（当主语为人称代词时不倒装） 2）当句首为表示地点的介词短语时 3）代词so, neither/nor置于句首时（2） 部分倒装（助动词、系动词、情态动词提前）1) 含有否定意义的副词，词组，关联词位于句首时，句子应部分倒装。关联词：not until“直到才”（主句倒装） Not only(倒装), but (also)（不倒装）（强调主语则不倒装） Neither, nor“既不，也不”（neither, nor 都是否定，前后全倒

30、装） Hardly/Scarcelywhen; No soonerthan“一就”（主句倒装，从句不倒装） E.g. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一见到我就跑了。2） only引导的状语（only+副词/介词词组/状语从句）放句首，部分倒装“只有”。only 后接非状语时不可倒装。3） so(such)that结构，so, such位于句首时倒装，so, such所修饰的形容词、副词和名词，以及助动词和系动词一起提到主语前，形成部分倒装。4) 虚拟语气中条件句省略if的倒装（当if 省略时，助动词）5） as, though引导的让步状语从句中的倒装（as必须倒装，though可倒装可不倒装）2. 从句（1） 定语从句（第一类关系代词：that, who, which, whose, whom; 第二类是关系副词：when, where, why。 其中that既代替人又指物，which代替物，who代替人。whose=of whom/of which when=at/in/during which, where=in/at which, why=for which）限定性和非限定性（2）状语从句（时间，地点，原因（in that, now that, considering that），结果(