高考英语复习学案名词性从句.docx

1、高考英语复习学案名词性从句2015年高考英语复习学案 名词性从句一、考纲解读名词性从句是复合句的一种，前几年高考主要考查宾语从句中用陈述语序以及连接词的选择等问题；近几年对名词性从句的考查趋于复杂灵活，往往把它与定语从句和状语从句的知识点放在一起考查，对名词性从句的考查主要有语序问题、时态的呼应问题和连接词的选择。2011年全国卷及地方卷对名词性从句的考查占了较大比例，有18道考查到该部分，2012年考查的比例更大，有20道题考查了名词性从句的用法，可见对名词性从句的重视程度。笔者认为，在单项选择题中，近几年题干语境越来越丰富，句子结构也越来越复杂，其中名词性从句所引起的句子结构的复杂化占了较

2、大比例，命题人侧重于对复杂句子结构的考查，是因为能否分析复杂句子结构是掌握英语语言的重要能力之一，所以我们可以断言，以后的高考题对名词性从句的考查还会倍加青睐。二、知识要点在句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。如：Whether he will come here or not is unimportant to me.（主语从句）I dont know what he means.（宾语从句）Im glad that you are here.（宾语从句用在形容词之后）The teacher is satisfied with what you

3、have done.（介词宾语从句）That was because he was ill.（表语从句）The news that he got killed in the race surprised us all.（同位语从句）引导名词性从句的连接词连接词词义功能that无词义不作成分，只起连接作用whether/if是否不作成分，起连接作用what,which什么，哪个作主语、宾语、表语who,whom,whose谁，谁的作主语、宾语、定语when,where,how,why什么时候/地方，怎么样，为什么作状语how many/much多少作定语how soon/often/long/m

4、uch多久，多久一次，多长，多么作状语.词义及功能同疑问词whatever=anything that无论什么作主语、宾语、表语、定语whosever=anyone whose无论谁的作主语、宾语、定语、表语whichever=anything that无论哪个作宾语、定语、主语、表语whoever=anyone who无论谁作主语whomever=anyone whom无论谁作宾语1.that引导的从句如果作介词宾语只可用在except，in，but，besides等少数介词后。如：I could say nothing but that Im sorry.that引导的从句可作it的同位语

5、从句。如：You may depend upon it that all the goods will be delivered in time.2.that引导宾语从句时可省略；引导其他名词性从句时，一般不省略，特别是引导主语从句且位于句首时。如：That the earth is round is true. The fact that he is a thief got around.注意：下面一句中，第一个that可省略，第二个that不可省略：He said（that） he had been working here for ten years and that he wanted

6、 to go home.3.whether与if引导名词性从句时的区别。（1）在引导宾语从句时whether与if可互换，但如果和or not连用则只用whether。如：I dont know whether or not he can stay here longer.（2）如果宾语从句是否定结构，则用if而不用whether引导。如：He asked me if I wasnt going there.（3）介词宾语从句只能用whether引导。如：Im not interested in whether he is rich.（4）引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句一般多用whethe

7、r。如：The question is whether you can do it yourself.The question whether he will come here himself isnt decided yet.Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.（5）用it作形式主语时，whether或if都可以引导主语从句。如：It is not clear to me whether/if he likes the present.4.注意what/whatever；who/whoever；which/whiche

8、ver的区别。试比较下列句子：Whoever will go to the concert please signs your name here.=Anyone who will go to the concert please signs your name here.Who will go to the concert isnt known.=Its unknown who will go to the concert.He wont believe whatever she says.=No matter what she says，he wont believe her.Whichh

9、ever toy you want is yours.=No matter which toy you want，it is yours.5.注意how long/how soon/how often/how much的区别。How long will he stay here?他将在这里待多久？How soon can you be ready?你多久能准备好？How often do you visit her?你多长时间去探望她一次？How much is that dress?那件衣服多少钱？6.当主句谓语动词表示不肯定或怀疑时，宾语从句用whether/if引导；表示有把握时用tha

10、t引导。如：I doubt whether/if he can win the match.I dont doubt that he can win the match.7.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that则不然。如： What you said yesterday is right.That she is still alive is a fact.8.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况（1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said/reported.结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：It is

11、 said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.（right）That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（wrong）（3）It happens.，It occurs.结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.（right）That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（wrong）（4）It doe

12、snt matter how/whether.结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.（right）Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.（wrong）（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?（right）Is that will rain in the evening likely?（wrong）（一）主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动

13、词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较it 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.你没去看那场电影真是遗憾。It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.你成功与否对我没有什么吸引力。2.用it 作形式主语的结构1)It is 名词从

14、句It is a fact that .事实是It is an honor that.非常荣幸It is common knowledge that.是常识2)it is 形容词从句It is natural that.很自然It is strange that.奇怪的是3)it is 不及物动词从句It seems that.似乎It happened that.碰巧4)it 过去分词从句It is reported that.据报道It has been proved that.已证实3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。2)It is said ，

15、(reported).结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：据说江主席下周要来我校视察。It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)3)It happens.，It occurs. 结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：他考试没及格。It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed

16、 in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)4)It doesnt matter how/whether .结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：他是不是错了，这一点不重要。It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.(wrong)5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。如：傍晚有可能下雨吗？Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)Is tha

17、t will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。如：What you said yesterday is right. 你昨天说的是对的。（二）宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语1)由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,如：I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。2)由what，whether (

18、if)引导的宾语从句，如：She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么事。3)动词间接宾语宾语从句。如：She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她跟我说她愿意接受我的邀请。2.作介词的宾语，如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们的合作情况。3.作形容词的宾语，如：I am afraid (that)Ive made a mistake. 我恐怕是犯错了。that 引导的从

19、句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious，aware，certain，confident，convinced，determined，glad，proud，surprised，worried，sorry，thankful，ashamed，disappointed，annoyed，pleased，hurt，satisfied，content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句看作原因状语从句。4.it 可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而把真正的宾语that 从句放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。如：We heard it that she would get m

20、arried next month. 我们听说她打算下个月结婚。5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow，refuse，let，like，cause，force，admire，condemn，celebrate，dislike，love，help，take，forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：我非常羡慕他们赢得了比赛的胜利。 I admire their winning the match.(right)I admire that they won the match.(wrong)6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有

21、些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“结构中，常见的有envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate等。如：作为一个诚实的人，他给经理留下了很深的印象。He impressed the manager as an honest man.(right)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(wrong)7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy，gues

22、s，imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。如：I dont think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）（三）表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。另外，常用的还有The reason is that. 和It is because 等结构。如：The question is whether we can make good preparation in su

23、ch a short time.问题是我们能否在那么短的时间内作好充分的准备。This is why we cant get the support of the people.这就是我们为什么得不到人民支持的原因。（四）同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导。如：The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.国王作出的这名囚犯释放的决定让人们大吃一惊。2.同位语在句子中的

24、位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.他从玛丽那里得知运动会要延期举行。3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。如：The news that he told me

25、 is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）三、考点诠释考点1 主语从句引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever等；连接副词when，where，why，how等。1连接词that，wheth

26、er引导That the college wiU take in more new students this year is true今年这所大学将招收更多新生是真的。Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。特别提示(1)if不能引导主语从句。(2)形式主语it替代主语从句。常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：AIt+系动词+形容词+that从句。如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure很

27、清楚，整个计划注定要失败。BIt+系动词+名词+that从句。如：It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace我们的希望是双方能朝着和平的方向发展。CIt+be+ved形式+that从句。如：It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out据宣布计划已经顺利实施。2连接代词引导What we cant get seems better than what we already have我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。who the lett

28、er was from is still unknown这封信是谁寄出的还不清楚。Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得奖项。3连接副词引导How acupuncture reduces and relieves pain is unclear针灸是如何减轻和解除疼痛的还不清楚。why dinosaurs suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery恐龙为什么突然消失了还是个谜。考点2 宾语从句引导宾语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether

29、，if等，连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever等，连接副词when，where，why，how等。1连接词that，whether，if引导I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help我认为你应该向老师寻求帮助。I dont know if/whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。特别提示whether/if都意为“是否”。一般情况下，它们可以互换，口语中常用if，但以下情况中，只能用whet

30、her。(1)与or not紧接连用时。如：Let me knoW whether or not you can come请让我知道你是否能来。(2)作介词的宾语从句时。如：We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting我们对你是否参加会议感兴趣。2连接代词和连接副词引导连接代词有what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever等，连接副词有when，where，why，how等。如：She asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class她问我班上谁的书法最好。I11 just say whatever comes into my mind我想到什么就说什么。Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games began?你知道古代的奥运会是什么时间开始的吗?Ive been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting我一直在考虑如何使我们的报纸更用趣。3宾语从句的语序在宾语从